Differences Between 17th and 18th Centuries essays

Contrasts Between seventeenth and eighteenth Centuries articles Before the Revolutionary time of governmental issues and nationalism started in the eighteenth century, the keep going thing on the brains of the pilgrims of the new world was legislative issues. These pilgrims of the seventeenth century were increasingly worried about their religion, strict restoration, and sensible idea. They were undeniably increasingly philosophical. A significant number of the main pioneers of the new world made the hazardous excursion to the new world to get away from strict abuse. Puritans, Pilgrims, and Catholics, just as some Jewish and Muslim people groups, came to America to escape the abuse that they were confronted with in their country England, or, for the Pilgrims, Holland. The governmental issues of England were not an issue for them. Britain was not yet treacherously burdening them or setting persistent limitations upon them. They needed to get away from the methods of social orders that didn't concur with their convictions, social orders that they felt were degenerate. While the Pilgrims drafted the Mayflower Compact before landing, this was about to the extent the idea of governmental issues went in the seventeenth century. The mid eighteenth century achieved the Great Awakening. As strict pizzazz and offer started to blur, a few priests endeavored to resuscitate the soul in their parishioners. Churchgoers progressively whined about the 'dead mutts' who rambled out dreary, over scholarly messages from Puritan platforms. A few clergymen, then again, stressed that huge numbers of their parishioners had gone delicate and that their spirits were not, at this point fueled by the hellfire of customary Calvinism (The American Pageant, page 94). Puritan priests, for example, Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield endeavored to renew the spirits of their supporters. Edwards most renowned lesson, Delinquents in the Hands of an Angry God, helped in his motivation. It terrified a considerable lot of his adherents into accepting that one bogus proceed onward their part would bring about unceasing condemnation since they upset God. The rage of God resembles incredible waters that are dam... <!

English as a Second Language (ESL) Definition

English as a Second Language (ESL) Definition English as a Second Language (ESL or TESL) is a customary term for the utilization or investigation of the English language by non-local speakers in an English-talking condition (it is likewise known as English for speakers of different dialects.) That condition might be a nation where English is the native language (e.g., Australia, the U.S.) or one in which English has a set up job (e.g., India, Nigeria). Additionally known as English for speakers of different dialects. English as a Second Language additionally alludes to specific ways to deal with language instructing intended for those whose essential language isn't English. English as a Second Language compares generally to the Outer Circle depicted by etymologist Braj Kachru in Standards, Codification and Sociolinguistic Realism: The English Language in the Outer Circle (1985). Perceptions Essentially, we can split nations as indicated by whether they have English as a local language, English as a subsequent language, or English as an unknown dialect. The primary classification is plain as day. The distinction between English as an unknown dialect and English as a subsequent language is that in the last case just, English has genuine alloted informative status inside the nation. By and large, there is an aggregate of 75 regions where English has an uncommon spot in the public eye. [Braj] Kachru has separated the English-talking nations of the world into three wide sorts, which he represents by setting them in three concentric rings:The inward circle: these nations are the conventional bases of English, where it is the essential language, that is Great Britain and Ireland, the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand.The external or expanded circle: these nations speak to the previous spread of English in non-local settings, where the language is a piece of the countrys driving establishments, where it assumes a second-language job in a multilingual society. for example Singapore, India, Malawi, and 50 different domains. The growing circle: this incorporates nations that speak to the significance of English as a universal language however they have no history of colonization and English has no exceptional authoritative status in these nations, for example China, Japan, Poland and a developing number of different states. This is English as a remote language.It is certain that the growing circle is the one that is generally delicate to the worldwide status of English. It is here that English is utilized fundamentally as a universal language, particularly in the business, logical, legitimate, political and scholastic communities.The terms (T)EFL, (T)ESL and TESOL [Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages] developed after the Second World War, and in Britain no differentiation was truly made among ESL and EFL, both being subsumed under ELT (English Language Teaching), until well into the 1960s. As respects ESL specifically, the term has been applied to two sorts of encouraging that cover however a re basically unmistakable: ESL in the nation of origin of the student (for the most part a UK idea and concern) and ESL for settlers to ENL nations (primarily a US idea and concern). The term English as Second Language (ESL) has generally alluded to understudies who come to class communicating in dialects other than English at home. The term as a rule is off base, since some who come to class have English as their third, fourth, fifth, etc, language. A few people and gatherings have settled on the term Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages (TESOL) to speak to better the hidden language real factors. In certain wards, the term English as an Additional Language (EAL) is utilized. The term English Language Learner (ELL) has picked up acknowledgment, essentially in the United States. The trouble with the term ELL is that in many homerooms, everybody, paying little heed to their phonetic foundations, is learning English. Sources Fennell, Barbara A. A History of English: A Sociolinguistic Approach. Blackwell, 2001.McArthur, Tom. The Oxford Guide to World English. Oxford University Press, 2002.Gunderson, Lee. ESL (ELL) Literacy Instruction: A Guidebook to Theory and Practice, second ed. Routledge, 2009.

Help on IT Coursework

Help on IT Coursework Help on IT Coursework ?oursework Writing Service on IT Information Technology has already become one of the most favorite and, at the same time, most important subjects for many students. Those who possess information possess the world, and those who know what to do about IT face better career opportunities that those, who don't. Not surprisingly, writing an informative essay on IT has become a big problem for many students. This is why it is high time for you to devote some time to learning perfect IT writing. Students in IT normally engage in a variety of disciplines and subjects, including communication, management, business, and technologies. Very often, they find themselves at the crossroads of several different disciplines, such as IT and ethics. IT brings together knowledge and skills from numerous disciplines and sources, and you are always welcome to choose what best suits you. You are exposed to many informative essay topics, and you may need to write a custom essay on operating systems, databases, software engineering, or programming languages. It does not really matter what field of study you eventually choose because you will still have to prove that you have learned it in depth by writing an informative essay or presenting an informative speech at the end of the course.

Essay about Narrative of Life of Frederick Douglass

Published in 1845, ‘Narrative of life of Frederick Douglass an American slave written by himself’ is still the most highly acclaimed American autobiography ever written. It was published seven years after Douglass escaped from his life as a slave in Maryland. It describes his experience of being slave and his psychological insights into the slave-master relationship. The main focus is on ‘How he learn to read and write ‘and ‘the pain of slavery.’ The goal of this paper is to bring more insight analysis of his narrative life through the most famous two chapter’s in which he defines, â€Å"How he learn to read and write† and â€Å"The pain of slavery.† To achieve this goal, the paper is organized into four main sections. First, author background and†¦show more content†¦Analysis Douglass’s Narrative displays how white slaveholders continue slavery by keeping their slaves uninformed. At the time Douglass was writing, many people thought that slavery was a normal state of being. They believed that blacks were naturally incapable of participating in civil society and thus should be kept as labors for whites. The Narrative explains the tactics and measures by which whites gain and keep power over blacks from their birth onward. Slave owners keep slaves uninformed of basic facts about themselves, such as their birth date or their parents. This enforced ignorance deprives children of their natural sense of distinct identity. As slave children grow up, slave owners prevent them from learning to read and write, as learning would give them a sense of self-sufficiency and capability. Slave-masters understand that knowledge would lead slaves to question the right of whites to keep slaves. Lastly, by keeping slaves illiterate, Southern slave-masters maintain cont rol over what the rest of America knows about slavery. If slaves cannot write, their picture of the slavery story cannot be told. Wendell Phillips states this point in his prefatory letter to the Narrative. Just as slave masters keep people as slaves by depriving them of knowledge and education, slaves need to seek knowledge and education in order to track freedom. It is from Hugh Auld that Douglass learns this idea that knowledge should be the way toShow MoreRelatedNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass987 Words   |  4 PagesLife of Frederick In the â€Å"narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass an American slave written by himself† Frederick reveled to audience the time he was living as a slave and the moments of brutal treats for example psychological, emotional and physical abuses. He was suffering terrible moments during his 20 years as a slave in the twentieth century. In addition, he describes in his own words the strategies he used to escape from the slave holders and to be free. This story the â€Å"Narrative of theRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass Essay1102 Words   |  5 PagesDate Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass Writing in the favor of black people has always remained controversial from the very beginning. Critics regard such writing as â€Å"a highly conventionalized genre† indicating that â€Å"its status as literature was long disputed but the literary merits of its most famous example such as Frederick Douglass s Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass†¦are widely recognized today.† (Ryan:537) Despite of such severe resistance, writers like Douglass have pennedRead MoreThe Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1566 Words   |  7 PagesThe â€Å"Narratives of the Life of Frederick Douglass† is the story of Frederick Douglass’ life from the time he was born into slavery, to the time he escaped to freedom in the north. When Douglass wrote this book, slavery was still legal in a large portion of the United States. After Douglass’ escape to freedom and his continuation of his education, he became an abolitionist through his works of literatu re and speeches. In â€Å"The Blessings of Slavery†, by George Fitzhugh he states that southern slavesRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1257 Words   |  6 PagesBook Review By Mary Elizabeth Ralls Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass: An autobiography written by Frederick Douglass Millennium publication, 1945edition 75 pages Frederick Douglass whose real name was Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey approximately birthdate is in1818, the month or day is not known, he died in 1895. He is one of the most famous advocates and the greatest leaders of anti-slavery in the past 200 or so years.Read MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass Essay1498 Words   |  6 Pagessoutherners believed that one of the most essential means of life was slavery. In the novel, Narrative of The Life of Frederick Douglass, Douglass challenges and debunks the idea of slavery being a necessary part of the white lifestyle; many pro-slavery arguments consisted of religion justifying slavery, slaves being â€Å"easily manipulated†/ignorant, and slavery keeping the southern economy from disappearing (The Proslavery Argument). Frederick uses personal experiences and other tactics to expose theRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1730 Words   |  7 PagesOne of the most well-known slavery narratives wa s lived and written by Frederick Douglass, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass. Frederick Douglass was a civil rights activist who was born into slavery on a plantation in eastern Maryland in February 1818. His exact birth date is unknown, he states in his narrative, â€Å"I have no accurate knowledge of my age, never having seen any authentic record containing it.†2 His birth name was Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey, which was given by hisRead MoreThe Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1363 Words   |  6 Pages In The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, Frederick Douglass portrays the importance of education because of its influence in leveling the playing field between the races in the 1800s. Education and knowledge are themes that are heavily dwelled upon throughout the novel, inspiring the reader to see the full power of such important ideals and to take the full advantage of both at all times. Douglass gives the reader a new appreciat ion for education as he delivers his message regardingRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1255 Words   |  6 PagesFrederick Douglass, throughout Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, uses religion to get many of his points across. In one way, religion plays a huge role in Douglass’ ability to become literate throughout the text. With the Bible and other Christian texts, Douglass is able to further his ability and the ability of others to read. This becomes important because as Douglass points out the slaveholders believe a literate slave is not a good slave. This union of literacy and religion show theRead MoreThe Narrative Life Of Frederick Douglass1583 Words   |  7 Pages‘The Narrative Life of Frederick Douglass’ is an autobiography of Frederick Douglass, the slave who escaped and became one of renowned social reformers of his time. The book is a collection of actual experiences of the author during his time in slavery and experienc es of fellow slaves. He describes brilliantly the oppressive conditions into which he was born, lived, as well as his struggles and triumphs. The author meant to make the reader comprehend life of the African Americans in slavery beforeRead MoreThe Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass939 Words   |  4 PagesRevolutionary Freedom In 1845, an African-American man named Frederick Douglass released a thought-provoking autobiography that would become a turning point in revolutionary change. The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass was the first autobiography Douglass had written focusing on the real life struggles he has faced during his time spent in bondage. During his time, it was not common for an African-American to have the skills to read and write, and it was especially uncommon to publish

Wilmington University Admissions Costs, Financial Aid

Home Schooling is a Better Choice Free Essays

Education is considered as a wealth that other people cannot take away from anyone. It can take an individual to far places, allow him or her to do greater things, and make it possible to have a brighter future. No matter how poor or how difficult it is to send a child to school, every parent would want to give their children a chance to have a quality education. We will write a custom essay sample on Home Schooling is a Better Choice or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are some cases when a child has to be home schooled. Home-schooling is the better alternative aside from sending a child to a normal school; and it is not as dangerous as some people think it is. This is why many parents who preferred to home-school their children reacted to a new court ruling that would make them criminals for teaching without credentials. This law was proposed by Justice H. Walter of the Los Angeles’ Second District Court of Appeal. He reasoned out that children aged six to 18 should attend public school unless exempted. Parents who home-school their children reacted because they believe that home-schooling is better than sending their children to public or private schools. Moreover, parents believe that they, and not the state, know better what is best for their children, including how they should be educated. In addition, parents reasoned out that since private schools do not necessarily require their teachers to have credentials, why are parents not allowed to teach their children even without a credential? (Yskamp, 2008). Home-schooling is a better option to steer children away from the dangers and the pitfalls associated with public schools (Distantschooling, 2006). Children are not at risk of bullying at school, or of alcohol and drugs or other negative influences. There is also a strengthened bonding between parents and children as they spend more time together, thus further reinforcing the family in the American society (Pride, 2009). Moreover, home-schooling enables parents to meet the unique needs of their children that will otherwise be ignored in classrooms accommodating more than 30 kids. There are also parents who reported that home-schooling best fits the learning needs of their children (Yskamp, 2008). How to cite Home Schooling is a Better Choice, Papers

Critical Analysis On Apple Inc’s Recruitment Video

Question: Discuss about theCritical Analysis On Apple Incs Recruitment Video. Answer: Introduction: Apple Inc is unarguably the best place to work in for those aiming to make it big in their life. Based in California, Apple Inc is a multinational technology company operating under the leadership of CEO Tim Cook. With revenue of 233 billion as in 2015, the company has been unstoppable in its quest to lead in innovative technology (Apple.com, n.d.). It is not just about making a career but being a part of something legendary in the world. Of all the big names in the field of technology, Apple has made an inimitable brand image for itself that absolutely no other company can manage to challenge. It has got it all to create and develop some of the most unimaginable products in the human history. From an era where there was no non-physical means to send a message across, Apple has created some of the most unthinkable gadgets to transform the life of millions of people around the world. Currently, Apple delves into a wide array of industrial activities including designing, manufacturing and marketing of mobiles, computers, and portable digital music players along with a huge number of related software and services (Johnson et. al., 2012). It does not come as a surprise that so many young people dream of getting hired in the technology behemoth. The company has been branded as one of the most innovating workplaces in the world. There is absolutely no doubt about the fact that Apple is one of the most challenging places to work for. There are high expectations, often unreasonable, on every single one working under Apple Inc., yet people aspire to work for them. In fact, Steve Jobs had been a tough task master in the company, even for at the top most positions. Yet, there is something remarkable about Apple that people aspire to work in Apple. Let us evaluate Apples possible recruitment strategy to get a deep insight of their corporate environment. This video has demonstrated the generic feel of the employees working in the company. Apple is a big brand name and employees inside them feel the weight of it on their shoulders. Over the years, Apple has opened plenty of jobs for skilled people, both in and outside the US. Even though employment in the US has stagnated, the company has added 52K in the last 10 years (Apple.com, n.d.). Apple believes in pushing the envelope more than any other company in the world. Their zeal and zest to do the unthinkable has attracted some of the most talented and gifted minds over the years. The company believes in persistent efforts against the rising problems to ensure that the end product is something meaningful. Apple believes in working in small teams to do something great. It is done to ensure that every single individual contributes to something valuable. Collaborative work ensures that everyone pitches in to give their best performance to refine the end result. As innovation has become an inevitable part of companys operations, it is essential that people with varied skills contribute to perfect different aspects of the end product or service. Apple believes in cross collaboration between different groups to get the best result. Cross-functional teams are found to be productive for the fact that they bring in their best on table to create something iconic. As per Maltz and Kohli (2000), cross functional teams are groups intended to dither out disagreements arising in goals, language and processes which apparently need cross-functional integration. Such groups ensure that people with distinct expertise collate for facilitating temporary tasks including development of new products (Turkula inen Ketokivi, 2012), or permanent tasks to ensure that operational processes are integrated (Pagell, 2004). All the team members must keep conflicts at bay in order to jointly achieve effective results. Since innovation is detachable part of Apple products, it has been important that employees work in the direction to attain the unfeasible tasks. Apple considers innovation as a crucial object of their survival and development, and this philosophy has been successfully etched into the corporate culture (Tim Cook, 2012). The launch of iPhone made the company reinforce the same in the mind of public. Steve Jobs introduced iPhone as a three in one device with the ability to be a cell phone, internet communicator and a widescreen iPod (Barrett, 2012). In this process of strategically innovating, Apple started the transformation from just being a maker of consumer electronics to a provider of terminal-based content (Hess, 2006). Such corporate environment allows employees to open their latent talent and make the best use of it to achieve professional satisfaction. Thus in the process of creating something really big, talented individuals end up achieving professional excellence whilst giv ing their share of contribution. Such is the vibrancy and vibes in the working environment that employees engage in creating meaningful products to transform the world. Employees feel engaged with the companys mission and vision to religiously invest their best skills and potential to give excellent performance. Robinson et al. (2004) stated that employee engagement reflects a positive attitude demonstrated by employees towards the growth and success of the organization. An engaged employee is more productive and dedicated towards delivering good results. There have been many researches done in order to establish the positive association between employee engagement and organizational performance. Apple has employees who are passionate about their job. For them, its not about earning big bucks but being a part of something so magnanimous like Apple. They are inherently excited and driven to solve the problems and creating something path breaking instead of falling in line with what all other companies are doing. Of all, it could be the charm of co-found of Apple, Steve Jobs, who had the knack of selecting the right people for the right job. The selected candidates need not be the top scholars or academicians but got to have the right talent to match the requirements of the job. Other thing that is common among Apple employees is their ability to adapt to uncertain situations at a faster pace than others. Change is a constant thing and some people are just easy to embrace it than many others. At Apple, employees are put through difficult situations to make them flexible enough mould themselves in different job roles. In their quest to create and recreate any new technology or process, employees are subjected to navigate through new routes. Apple has created such a dynamic work environment conducive to innovation and flexibility that employees end up adapting themselves to it in a very short span of time. The video reflects the popular perception of the people outside the Apple. It goes on to show the amount of perseverance and mental acumen goes into designing and creating simple objects of technological innovation. An iPhone, iPad or Mac may appear very simple to use but there is a lot goes into making it, right from conceptualizing to the end product in the hand of the consumers. Its the persistence to keep refining to reach the zenith of perfection that keeps the employees challenging themselves to give something of value or meaning to the world. This video has demonstrated some the desired skills and qualities Apple employees have or have developed over the time to imbibe the enigmatic corporate culture. References PAGELL, M. (2004). Understanding the factors that enable and inhibit the integration of operations , purchasing and logistics. Journal of Operations Management, 22, 459487. TURKULAINEN, V., Ketokivi, M. (2012). the real benefits? Cross-functional integration and performance : what are the real benefits? International Journal of Operations and Production Management, 32(4), 447467. MALTZ, E. Kohli, A. K. (2000). Reducing Marketing s Conflict With Other Functions: The Differential Effects of Integrating Mechanisms. Journal of Academy of Marketing Science, 28(4), 479492. Robinson D., Perryman S., Hayday S. (2004). The Drivers of Employee Engagement Report 408, Institute for Employment Studies, UK. Barrett. , Paul, M. S. Adam, B. (2012). Peter Bloomberg Business week, (4293), 32- 33. Cook, T. (2012). Tim Cook one year on: hows Apple doing?. Retrieved from https://www.techradar.com/us/news/computing/apple/tim-cook-one-year-onhows-apple-doing-1093206/page:2#articleContent Hess, M. N.M. Coe (2006). Making Connections: Global Production Networks, Standards, and Embeddedness in the Mobile-Telecommunications Industry, Environment and Planning, (38), 12051227 Johnson, K., Li, Y., Phan, H., Singer, J., Trinh, H. (2012). The Innovative Success that is Apple, Inc. About - Job Creation - Apple. Apple. Retrieved from https://www.apple.com/about/job-creation/

Consumer behaviour

Abstract This paper critically focuses on Consumer Decision-making Process models of purchase and post-purchase in relation to the hospitality industry. The paper shall determine the extent these models are vague and all-encompassing, especially when applying to postmodern hospitality industry with the fragmented nature of consumer behaviour, and emerging trends in the global provision of products and services.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Consumer behaviour specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Scholars interested in the field of consumer behaviours have developed several models as attempts to explain consumers’ decision-making processes when making a purchase, and what follows after the purchase. Gordon and Saunders have identified six of such stages that involve passive and active consumption phases or sequences (Foxall, 2004). They identify these stages as emerging needs, active consideration, researchin g, short-listing, purchase and post-purchase. Smith also supports these stages in his work. A part from these scholars, other scholars have also offered different perspectives on consumer decision-making process (Kotler, Bowen and Makens, 1999; Chambers, Richard and Lewis, Robert, 2000; Onkvisit and Shaw, 1994; Howard and Sheth, 1996). However, critics argue that such models are vague and tend to be all-encompassing. Introduction Gabbott and Hogg offer a brief definition of consumer behaviour as â€Å"any behaviour involved in the course of buying, using and disposing of products† (Gabbott and Hogg, 1998). Critics have noted that this definition is vague and not practical. From this definition, we can learn that consumer behaviour is a technical issue to describe precisely. Engel, Blackwell, and Miniard have offered an advance definition of consumer behaviour as â€Å"activities which directly involve decision processes prior and after stages of obtaining, consuming and disp osing products† (Blackwell Engel and Miniard, 2001). They further explain how consumers choose products and services using a model of Consumer Decision-making Process (CDP). This model indicates how consumers make decisions before undertaking any purchase decision and post-purchase decision. Consumers make their purchase at the fourth stage after undergoing all other previous stages.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Consumers look at the value of the products or service they have purchased against the satisfaction derived or fulfilled from using the product. This experience is fundamental for defining the fifth stage, post-purchase evaluation, which takes a mental evaluation of the value of the purchase. We have noted that depending on the CDP model alone may not provide the necessary information when applied in a marketing environment. This is because there are other v arious factors that influence every process of CDP. Understanding factors that influence stages of CDP model may help markets persuade consumers who intend to use their products or competitors. Consumers are likely to purchase services or products that have solved their problems in cases of recurring needs. This is a purchase they know. The CDP model must recognise that factors such as culture, personal preferences, social status, family, and the situation also influence consumers’ purchasing behaviours. At the individual level, we have attitude, resources, motivation, personality, and knowledge. For instance, we may consider how consumers who are conscious environmental behaviour towards purchasing green products or services in the hospitality industry. Characteristics of products and services in the hospitality industry Hospitality industry mainly caters for tourists or visitors have that need a unique range of services and products. We can group these services and products as packages e.g. accommodation and meals, or stand-alone products such as catering, and entertainment, among others. We shall focus on a combination of services and products at the hospitality industry so as to enable us to understand the consumer decision-making processes when making such purchases.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Consumer behaviour specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This sector largely deals in provisions of services. According to marketing studies and theorists, services are intangible purchases. Thus, such purchases never really result into any ownership. In this regard, they offer various characteristics of services as follows. The hospitality industry offer services that are intangible. We can never touch, see, taste, or even smell them before we make the purchase. Marketers in the field of hospitality offer images of their services, such as accommodation locations and the surrounding envir onment to make such services appear real to the consumer. This is a means of overcoming intangibility. However, such techniques do not necessarily overcome intangible characteristics of such services as tourists have to care when purchasing such services in the hospitality industry. Services in the hospitality industry also have inseparability characteristics between production and how the service works during consumption. This characteristic influences consumer’s purchasing behaviour. Consumers may link the service to the provider together with the performance, and change their purchasing pattern if the services do not meet their expectations. Services also tend to be heterogeneous in nature. This means services providers at the hospitality industry may find it difficult to offer the same service to every consumer when their needs arise. Different aspects like emotional status of the customer may also affect how he or she perceives the service at a certain time. It means tha t consumers of hospitality products and services may not be able to predict the quality of services they may receive at their favourite places. In addition, consumers cannot depend on past their experiences in order to make subsequent purchase decisions regarding the same services or products. There may be inherent changes in the services, service providers, or the consumers themselves that may affect the quality as well as experience of services offered. Services also lack ownership, at least to the consumer. Consumers only experience the service through their purchases and access. Consumers will not own the service. Thus, services serve the purpose of a need satisfaction rather than tangible ownership. Therefore, purchases of services will have significant effects on emotional aspects of the consumer.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The above characteristics are just some of the aspects that may influence consumers of the hospitality industry. Marketing pundits also look at the distinction between convenience goods and shopping goods. Convenience goods tend to have low prices and high frequencies of purchases, unlike other goods that have high prices with low frequencies of purchases. In this regard, we look at shopping goods as serving higher-order needs according to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Howard and Sheth note â€Å"the purchase of convenience-type goods involves the consumer in a routine problem-solving behaviour, whereas the purchase of shopping goods involves the consumer in an extensive problem-solving behaviour† (Howard and Sheth, 1996). We can note that consumers will spend a lot of time in order to understand complex issues of services they are about to purchase in the hospitality industry. The acts of choosing tourism destinations and subsequent service providers involve high-level purchases that require consumers to search for information and make informed purchases. It requires a high-level of commitment, time, and significant spending. Thus, Middleton and Clarke observe that such influences result into low brand loyalty and expectations of repeat purchases, and low chain of distribution (Middleton and Clarke, 2001). Complexity in Consumer Behaviour in the Hospitality Industry Consumers involved in purchasing hospitality products and services usually experience some technical issues. Most products and services in the hospitality industry need a high degree of involvement in making purchase decisions and a high degree of consumer commitment. This is due to the nature of products and services that consumers wish to purchase. Thus, there are no routine or similar behaviour patterns when making such decisions. Consumers consider every purchase unique and need different approaches in making purchase decisions. Consumers in the hospitality industry must first car ry out a thorough marketing research before settling on a given decision. In turn, decision-making processes tend to take longer than when purchasing other products or services. Factors that may influence consumers at this stage may also set in, such as a holiday destination, type of holiday, individual preferences and among other factors. Consumers link intangible services and products to high levels of insecurity in the purchasing process. The challenge is that consumers cannot have a test of the product before they make any purchase. In this case, most consumers only rely on the assurances from the services or products vendors. The level of insecurity involved results into complex behaviour patterns where consumers collect information from several sources, including agencies. Information may come from the family, advertisement, travel agents, companies’ Web sites, and social media, among others. Holidays and visits are significant events in an individual’s life. Thu s, there is a considerable level of emotions involved. Holidays restore physical health and provide a chance of escaping the routine of workplaces. Holidays are expensive. This implies that the decision to take a holiday may affect other members of the family, or colleagues in cases of where companies cater for such packages. This calls for compromises at some points, especially with regard to a holiday destination. There may also be some pressing needs such as purchasing new items, car, improving a home. Thus, family members or colleagues may consider such an expensive holiday a waste of resources. Consumers who wish to purchase hospitality products and services normally experience strong influences from other people such as family members, colleagues and reference groups. The study of behaviour patterns that are under influences from diverse aspects is extremely difficult. At the same time, such opinion leaders also have tendencies of changing their beliefs and opinions over time. Most decisions consumers make about visits are long-term decisions that take a considerable amount of time to plan. The challenge is that people may be at different statuses of their minds when they plan their visits, and when they actually go for such visits. Such decisions depend on aspects of the future that they might not be able to predict. The dynamic nature of the tourism industry may affect such decisions depending on the cost variations, climate changes and lately security. Purchases made in the hospitality industry involve high levels of search for information. Factors such as emotions and individual preferences may determine the extent to which a consumer will seek for such information. There is a wide consultation of different sources of information, and the final choice depends on such information gathered. There is a high level of complexity involved as people search for information and make decisions. It may also mean that decisions can change abruptly depending on t he new information discovered. The complex nature of making purchase decision-making processes in a hospitality industry is different from making purchases of other routinely used goods. The intangible nature, uncertainty of the future and unpredictable of service standards make the process of purchasing services and products a complex experience for consumers. This implies that marketers in may have difficulties when promoting their services and products to such consumers. The decision-making process in the hospitality industry The decisions consumers make to buy products and services in the hospitality industry are due to complex processes involved. These factors relate to the consumer, and other external factors that he or she may not be able to control when making a decision of purchasing a service or product without prior experience. In addition, the nature of products and services in the hospitality industry also make purchase decision-making process a complex affair. For inst ance, in choosing a holiday destination, consumers consider such factors as the destinations itself, mode of travel, type of accommodation services, the length of the holiday period, the time of the holiday, package of the holiday, and agent to provide tour services. These are among many factors that may influence the decision-making process of a consumer when choosing a holiday package and subsequent purchase. We can note that the scope and number of such factors are wide and numerous. We also realise that choosing the destination alone is not enough and not an end in itself. There are issues and activities to engage in once in a holiday destination. Visitors will also make further decisions regarding how to spend their time, what meals to take, and where to take them among others. We can notice that these decisions look simple. However, they form part of the complex decision-making processes that tourists must critically look before making any purchases. Decision-making models in hospitality Cooper and associates provide three processes in the development of consumer behaviour with reference to purchase processes (Cooper et al, 2005). First, there was the early phase of 1930 and 1940s (early empiricist) where emphasis was on empirical research. Still, the industry tried to establish effects of advertising, product distribution, and promotion decisions. Second, there was the motivational phase in the 1950s where attention focused on â€Å"focus groups, in-depth interviews and consumers’ perception studies, and other projective approaches† (Cooper et al., 2005). The focus was on what factors motivate consumers to make their purchases. Third, there was the formative phase. This phase included published textbooks by consumer behaviour theorists such as Engel, Blackwell, Kollat, Howard and Sheth. Most early approaches on the study of consumer behaviour â€Å"focused on manufacturing industries, and they later moved to general service industriesâ₠¬  (Cooper et al, 2005). In the 1970s, scholars began creating purchase models in the area of tourism. These models presented linear representations of decision-making processes. It was Moutinho who developed a tourist behaviour model that was different from the rest with two scopes (Moutinho, 1987). First, the model provided for three distinct stages in the consumer decision-making process. These were â€Å"pre-decision stage and decision process, post-purchase evaluation, and future decision-making† (Moutinho, 1987). The model also provided opportunities for feedback mechanism. Second, the model recognised three behavioural aspects in making purchase decisions, such as motivation, cognition, and learning. The Consumer Information Processing Model: Source: Adopted from Kotler (1997) Post-purchase Evaluation Post-purchase evaluation occurs as a result of purchase decision. In this context, the consumer considers the level of purchase involvement. As we have identified above , purchases in the area of hospitality are high levels involvement. In other words, the level of concern for the purchase is high in the hospitality industry because such decisions are not habitual purchases. The process is a continuum where the flow is from low to high level (Solomon, 2006). High level of involvement during purchase decision-making process will result into an extensive post-purchase evaluation. Consumers usually question if their decisions to make purchases were the best among other alternatives. This is what we call post-purchase cognitive dissonance. Elaborate Post-purchase Evaluation: Source: Adopted from Hawkins, Best, and Coney (1983) Consumers are likely to experience such dissonance if the purchase is irrevocable, involves a high level of commitment, individual factors, selection among alternatives, and the importance of the decision. Post-purchase experience of dissonance makes the consumer feel uncomfortable. Consequently, they resort to a number of ways to reduce such feelings. These may include preferences for the choice, disregard other alternatives, avoid negative comments about the choice, and reduce the importance of purchase decision. Consumers who fail to reduce the level of dissonance may experience dissatisfaction with their choices. In this process, the consumer is likely to identify new problems and engage in the process of satisfying the need created due to dissatisfaction by the initial purchase. Consumers will use their experiences and negative feeling like part of the new information in making the decision for the next purchase. Analysis of the purchase decision models There are inherent weaknesses that exist in consumer decision-making process models. These models do not explicitly show how consumers undergo complex processes when making decisions of purchasing services in the hospitality industry. These models cannot serve marketers when designing their marketing strategies. Most critics argue that such models do n ot rely on any empirical research; thus, may not present reality of how consumers make their purchase decisions. In addition, most of these models are out-of-date in the postmodern hospitality industry, which is ever dynamic as consumers’ preferences are not static. For instance, the tourism and hospitality industry has experienced changes with regard to the rapid changes in the Internet as a means of booking and purchasing hospitality packages and airline tickets, explosion of no-frills budget airlines, the development of all-encompassing holiday destinations, evolution of direct marketing, and changes in the buying behaviours of tourists that involve last-minute and spontaneous purchase decisions. Third, a number of models that exist in the field of tourism, hospitality, and event management have their origins in North America, Northern Europe, and Australia. This implies that these models do not cater exhaustively cater for emerging markets in Eastern Europe, South America , Asian and African markets. These models also tend to classify activities in the hospitality industry as homogeneous. However, consumers of such products are different and unique in their own ways. Some of these factors that may influence characteristics of visitors may include their travelling patterns i.e. as an individual, family or group, past experiences of such tourists, and personal traits, which may involve planning patterns such as last-minute decisions or considerable amount of time for planning. A number of models do not account for influences of motivators and determinants that affect consumers during decision-making processes. Some factors that influence consumers’ decision-making processes may dominate other factors and account for the entire decision-making process. However, such factors mainly depend on individuals’ preferences such as hobbies, means of travelling, or preferences for leisure activities, among others. Other models take rational approach es to decision-making processes in purchases, which is not always the case. The ability to make rational decisions in purchasing among visitors depends on the availability of information. In most cases, tourists may have access to imperfect information that does not give true accounts of their alternatives. In addition, rationality of the purchase decision-making process also depends on an individual’s factors such as personal opinions and prejudice. These models assume that consumers’ activities and purchase patterns are constant. They fail to account for emerging trends such as conference tourism, holiday destinations, holiday patterns, effects of globalisation and instant decision-making process among some visitors. Such factors influence the nature of the decision and purchase patterns among consumers. Postmodern consumers of hospitality industry Studies show that purchases and consumption in the hospitality industry have become fragmented. The perceived social rol es have experienced â€Å"breakdown and left majority to adopt any identity they want in a postmodern society† (Thomas, 1997). In the field of hospitality, the postmodern consumption rotates around â€Å"changes in consumer cultures of the late capitalism and the emergence of communication technology† (Brown, 1995). These changes have affected marketing trends in hospitality services (Williams, 2002). Thomas notes postmodernism has significantly influenced marketing. Thus, he elaborates â€Å"Marketing, real-time, real-world marketing is thoroughly postmodern because postmodern marketing openly challenges some of the major axioms of the conventional wisdom as reflected in the standard marketing textbooks† (Thomas, 1997). Thomas lists axioms that relate to postmodern as â€Å"consumer needs, consumer sovereignty, behavioural consistency, customer orientation perceived value, product image, buyer and seller separation, individual and organisation distinction, pro duct and process separation, and consumption and production division† (Thomas, 1997). We can relate these elements to consumption in the hospitality industry and establish consumerism in postmodern. According to postmodernism, there is no single privileged form of knowledge, i.e. no theories are superior or inferior to others. Thus, it is no longer possible to believe in a generalisation or meta-discourse. A better understanding of postmodernism should entail sensitivity to differences, fragmented individuality, embrace uncertainty, and discourage the use of consensus to suppress heterogeneity. In the field of hospitality consumption, we must embrace parallel and emerging trends in the social world. This refers to both self and other spheres of life. Postmodernism recognises that there is a lack of unity, lack of unifying central ideas, order, and lack of coherence. Lack of certainty applies to an individual as well as the whole system. Therefore, the fragmented nature of cons umer decision-making process models results from the fact that postmodernism does not recognise coherent and unified approach to issues as there is also general lack of certainty. There is also breakdown in the system that leads to distinctions and differences. In turn, we have fragmentation in processes that replace unity or totality. Changes in society will allow for conditions of postmodernism characterised by hyperreality, ambiguity and reproduction of features (Gabriel and Lang, 1995). Thus, postmodernism does not support any suggestions to replace or impose order to the existing chaotic and fragmented reality. Postmodernism puts it that we should embrace the â€Å"limitations of knowledge, question the value of generalisations and accept the impossibility of universal truths† (Thomas, 1997). Fragmentation also emerges due to a low level of commitment to any one brand. What exists is only a momentary attachment, brand repositioning, and regeneration. Thus, if we apply th e principle of none is superior or inferior to another, then marketing becomes only sensible when it recognises language, symbols and elements of communication that imply and signify essential images in marketing. In the hospitality, the breakdown in the system affects marketing in the hospitality industry, which relates to the universal principle of marketing (Williams, 2002). Postmodernism tends to question ideas behind generalisations and concepts in overarching theories as it sees them as limited in scopes. Thus, it posits that marketing approaches tend to impose order on the chaotic and fragmented statuses of the modern hospitality industry. Postmodernism argues that there that the knowledge that exists has limitations about the nature of fragmentation. There is little empirical evidence to support generalisations regarding consumers’ consumption and behaviour patterns. In addition, consumers’ consumption trends are not orderly and unpredictable. Consumers act on their wishes, ignore the set standards, and fail to maintain systems that may guide their activities (Brown, 1995). Thus, consumers are unreliable and changeable. Dynamic characteristics of modern consumers in the hospitality industry present difficulties in predicting buying behaviours and decision-making processes. Conclusions This research has looked at the purchase and post-purchase models in consumption of hospitality services. Academicians and market theorists have made their inputs in order to provide theoretical account of the processes. However, these models offered by theorists have inherent weaknesses both in describing and explaining how consumers make their purchase decisions. Some of these weaknesses result from elaborate decision-making patterns involved in choosing a holiday destination and subsequent activities. The consumer decision-making process in purchasing hospitality services is a complex affair. It depends on a number of factors that originate from an indivi dual and other external factors. However, the models present linear processes that do not account for the complex nature and a high level of decision-making process consumers undergo when choosing a holiday destination. Despite these theories and models, understanding consumer behaviour in consumption of hospitality services remains complex. The post-purchase evaluation occurs as a result of the decision to purchase. It is also a high-level involvement process due to the nature of the decision and purchase involved. Consumers will experience post-purchase cognitive dissonance due to their purchases. However, in most cases, they tend to find ways of reducing negative feeling about their purchases. With reference to postmodernism, consumption of hospitality services remain unpredictable, fragmented and not attached to reality. Postmodernism believes that consumers of today live in a world of doubt, ambiguity, and uncertainty. Thus, applying a model to explain their decision-making pro cesses involving a purchase remains difficult to limitation of knowledge. To this end, we cannot apply generalisations to account for behaviours of consumers in the hospitality industry. Still, marketing remains a complex process as predicting purchasing patterns and consumptions among customers are also difficult. Most consumers will base their purchase decisions on their wishes, make last-minute decisions, and create new trends in demand for services and products. Such are the difficulties that make these theories fragmented and all-encompassing. Reference List Blackwell, R, Engel, J and Miniard, P 2001, Consumer Behaviour, 9th edn, Harcourt Education, Boston, MA. Brown, S 1995, Postmodern Marketing, Routledge, London. Chambers, R and Lewis, R 2000, Marketing leadership in hospitality: foundations practices, 3rd edn, John Wiley Sons, New York. Cooper, C, Wanhill, S, Fletcher, J, Gilbert, D, Fyall, A. 2005. Tourism: Principles and Practice, Pearson, New York. Foxall, G 2004, Con sumer Behaviour Analysis V1, Routledge, New York. Gabbott, M and Hogg, G 1998, Consumers and Services, Wiley, New York. Gabriel, Y and Lang, T 1995, The Unmanageable Consumer, Sage, London. Howard, J and Sheth, J 1996, The Theory of Buyer Behaviour, John Wiley, New York. Kotler, P, Bowen, J and Makens, J 1999, Marketing for Hospitality and Tourism, Prentice-Hall, New York. Middleton, V and Clarke, J 2001, Marketing in Travel and Tourism, Butterworth-Heinemann, London. Moutinho, L 1987, ‘Consumer Behavior in Tourism’, European Journal of Marketing, vol. 21, no. 10, pp. 3-44. Onkvisit, S and Shaw J 1994, Consumer Behavior: Strategy and Analysis, Macmillan College Pub-lishing Company Inc, New York. Solomon, M 2006, Consumer Behavior, Prentice Hall Europe, New Jersey. Thomas, M 1997, ‘Consumer market research: does it have validity? Some postmodern thoughts’, Marketing Intelligence Planning, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 54–59. Williams, A 2002, Understanding the Hospitality Consumer- Hospitality, Leisure and Tourism, Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd, London. This essay on Consumer behaviour was written and submitted by user Kaeden Rhodes to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Consumer behaviour Introduction Consumer behaviour is the general function of a customer’s preference and taste as well as the resultant utility. Consumers have variant perceptions of the satisfaction they expect to derive from a certain good or service which comprises their taste. On the other hand, a consumer has a certain degree of bias towards a given product given a choice between two which comprises their presence.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Consumer behaviour specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These two aspects influence the level of utility the consumer derives from utilization and consumption of the product in question (Frank and Bernanke 2001, p12). However, a consumer’s preference and taste is constrained by variety of factors such as operating income, government restriction as to the allowed purchase quantity as well as the type of products. In effect, a consumer will spend their money on a bundle of go ods that offer the maximum amount of satisfaction. Their choice of such bundles is therefore influenced by their tastes and preferences. 1. According to the neoclassical utility model as proposed by Mahoney (2001) in the case of two income goods x and z the consumer given a choice between the two products that are not substitutes the consumer has a certain preference for good x over good z presenting three options as follows : x as preferred to z z as preferred to x z and x equally preferred or indifferent These options can be represented as follows Curve x represents a consumers preference for good x over z. Curve z represents a consumers preference for good z over x. P1 represents policy 1 which presents the consumer with a voucher that can be exchanged for a fixed amount of good x.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Line P2 represents a policy that presents the consumer w ith an income supplement sufficient to buy the same amount of good x assuming that every supermarket has the same price for good x (Witt 2001a, p. 1-5). At point O Under these two policies households’ preferences over the two goods will always have exactly the same impacts on the household in terms of its utility level and consumption levels of the two goods as illustrated by the diagram above. At point O a consumer who has a higher preference for good x over good z under policy 1 as illustrated by curve (x,x) would ordinarily consume a bundle of quantity (x1,z1) having exchanged the voucher offered by the first policy however they can now consume for (x2) amount of good x after trading in the voucher for a fixed amount of good x which is the difference between (x1) and (x2). A household which on the other hand has a higher preference for good (z) as opposed to (x) will consume (x2) amount of good (x) which is the equivalent of the (z2) amount of good z that they ordinarily a re willing to consume as offered by the second policy. In effect as long as the voucher offered by policy one is equal in quantity terms to the difference between the two curves representing the household differences in preferences the two policies will give similar results (Witt 2001b, p. 23-36). 2. Under certain house hold preferences the two households will have potentially different impacts on the households in terms of its utility and level of consumption. These circumstances are as follows. If the goods are perfect substitutes The preference curve for perfect substitutes is as followsAdvertising We will write a custom essay sample on Consumer behaviour specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The households will willingly exchange one good for the other despite their preference therefore there will be a rather rigid manner in which they utilize the commodity in regards to quantity and utility. Therefore an implementation of eith er of the policies will always result to different results. If the goods are perfect complements Aconsumer may have their own preference for either good however perfect complements vary and restrict such preferences to ensure that each quantity of one good acquired is acquired with an equal or similar quantity for proper enjoyment of either of the goods. Therefore, implementation of one both or either of the policies will lead to entirely different results. The utility preference and consumption curve will be as follows : If the household acquires a unit of good x the household it ensures that it derives as much utility from it as one unit of good z and does the same for two units of good x this ensures a consistent difference in the overall utilisation and use of the goods. In effect implementation of either policy will always lead to different modes of consumption therefore different levels of utility (Nevo 2003). In case the products are imperfect substitutes If a consumer p erceives a product to be an imperfect substitute of the other they have different levels of preference and utility for either product. It would not be possible therefore to equate the two goods in regards to consumption and preference. Therefore each product will have a different indifference curve. Application of either policy will lead to different results arising from the lack of similarity. 3. The two policies cannot be substituted because the first policy does not vary with the earnings and preference of the household but rather offers a rigid biased offer for a fixed quantity of good x while the second policy is a flexible policy that varies with the needs and capacities of households.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The approach taken by policy one limits the consumer’s choice in the amount of good x they consume. The consumer will always take advantage of a subsidy and they will therefore have little choice in the minimum amount of good x they will acquire. The second policy on the other hand increases the maximum amount of good x the consumer is willing and able to consume. It increases the upper limit buy matching the subsidy with the consumers actual spending. This therefore maintains their choice but influences their capacity. 4. Utility as a function of preferences defines how much pleasure the consumer derives from a certain good or product. The rate at which a household consumes a certain good depends to a great extent on the satisfaction they anticipate from the good. This further has a bearing on the amount of a given product they are willing to consume. On the other hand the consumers wilingliness to consume a product will however be curtailed their cost budget therefore limit ing the amount they actually purchase of a given product (Bianchi 2002). Therefore, the amount of a certain product that a household consumes is a function of their budget constrains as well as their tastes and preference or rather the utility they receive from the good. The utility function represents the relationship between utility measures and the possible combination of goods as shown by the diagram below. As such the utility derived from a given bundle of goods by a household increases at a decreasing rate. Therefore the more of a certain commodity the household consumes the lesser utility they derive from it. The two policies aim at increasing the amount of a certain good that the consumer purchases. They will however not always achieve utility since the more the household consumes the lesser utility they derive. The total utility derived from consumption of the specific bundle of goods reduces as the consumer gets used to large amounts of the goods therefore reducing the sa tisfaction. There are however alternative ways of increasing the utility as well as the consumption of these goods. This can be achieved through a product subsidy to reduce the price of the commodity. According to Nicholson (2002) a characteristic of preference is that more is always good. A household is ready to settle for more of the cheaper product as opposed to lesser of another product for the same amount of money. A reduction in the price of product x changes the slope of the budget constraint holding the income constant as represented by the diagrams below If the price of good x is 10 dollars, a unit the consumer who has a constrained budget of 400 dollars can only buy 40 units of good x. The household looks for the bundle that gives the best utility within the budget line. The consumers’ willingness to consume is limited by their anticipation of spending and their limits in budget. This however can be changed by the reduction in the prices of the product. With a prod uct subsidy that reduces the price, the budget line slope changes to adjust to the new price. If for instance the price for good x reduces to 8 dollars a unit the budget line changes and the consumer thanks to the price subsidy of 2 dollars per unit can acquire more units of good x he can now consume up to 50 units of the good with the same budget constraints as follows. A consumer will be more willing to purchase additional units of good x at the same level of preference due to the reduction in price. This also has an implication on the utility derived from the consumption of the goods. The firm will minimise its costs by reducing its labour usage where the average product of labour is increasing. Since the marginal product is greater than the average product of labour in the short run the firm will minimise its costs when the marginal cost of labour and capital are equal to the average product. In the long run however the marginal product diminishes and the input combination tha t supports the least cost is where the marginal product for labour and capital is zero or where the average product of labour and capital are greater than the marginal product of labour and capital (Perloff 2012). The firm will reap benefits in the long run since the marginal cost of production which is the additional cost of producing an extra unit of a given product is lower than the average product hence attracting the economies of scale (Perloff 2012). The firm will incur lesser cost per unit in manufacturing additional units of the good due to the benefits of scale. References Bianchi, M 2002, Novelty, Preferences, and Fashion: When Goods Are Unsettling’, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, Vol 47 no 1, pp. 1-18. Frank, R., and Bernanke, B 2001, Principles of Economics. McGraw-Hill Irwin, Boston Mahoney, D 2001, On the Representation Theorems of Neoclassical Utility Theory: A Comment, Web. Nevo, A 2003, ‘New Products, Quality Changes, and Welfare Measur es Computed from Estimated Demand Systems’, Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol 85 no 2, pp. 266-75 Nicholson, W 2002, Microeconomic Theory: Basic Principles and Extensions, South Western College Publishing, Ohio Perloff, J 2012, Microeconomics global economics global edition (6th edn), Pearson education, New York Witt, U 2001a, ‘Economic Growth- What Happens on the Demand Side?’ Journal of Evolutionary Economics, vol 2 no. 2, pp. 11: 1-5. Witt, U 2001b, ‘Learning to Consume—A Theory of Wants and the Growth of Demand’, Journal of Evolutionary Economics, Vol 11 no. 1, pp. 23-36. This essay on Consumer behaviour was written and submitted by user Alexzander W. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

introduction to native cultures

introduction to native cultures Free Online Research Papers When the Spanish began there journey through America their influence both on the native Americans and the environment were awesome. The prime goal of the Spaniards were to transform the native Americans into tax-paying Christians. This was in contrast to the idea that their goal was to eliminate the Indians form of the Americas. Unfortunately the Spaniards took many Indians so that they may plant their Christian religion in the Indians and to use them as labor. This led many Indians to learn the customs, environment and language of the Spaniards so that they could to be able to live in the Spanish culture. Some Natives acquired the Spanish language which was the main source of their Hispanicization. This was the realization of the Indians becoming encompassed by the Spanish society. They now began to live in a Spanish ways and blend into the bottom of the Spanish totem pole. Spanish goals and plans were to involve the Indians so that they may live in their society even if at the low er end of it’s ladder. Spanish influence was not only through the Native Americans, the southwest region of America had also had its affect. The Spaniards bringing of animals and use of land changed their habitat. Live stock brought over by the Spanish extended well across northern New Spain. As a result, these grazing animals flattened grassy areas and packed down soils, which broke down the lands. Through these worn down paths of grazing, water was able to ensue. The grasslands and wildlife disappeared with these new accustoms which led some turning into deserts. The Indians influence in the Spaniards came in many monetarily ways. With many different foods and clothing that the Spanish had never encountered. With new foods came new crops and livestock for the Spanish. The Indians clothing consisted of many animal wools and warmth based attire. Racial purity was a requirement for high status in Spain and its American colonies. In the urbanized New Spain, ethic origins greatly influenced the social status. For example, â€Å"Peninsulares,† those people originally from Spain held the highest rung on the societal ladder. While on the opposite end, both free and enslaved blacks comprised the lower rung. However, on the frontier, Indians, blacks, and persons of mixed color such as mestizos (a person with Indian and Spanish blood) began to make up more of the population. And as they become more adapted to Spanish culture, Indians began to feel â€Å"whiter† and mestizos too began to describe themselves an espanoles. Gradually, wealth, prestige, and occupation equally determined social status as did ethnicity and skin color. Through such cultural and environmental changes in New Spain, the Spanish culture was presumed as the most dominant model on the frontier. Both marriage and sexual practices reflected those as in Spain and its empire. For example, the Spanish used strategies to marry themselves or their children into a better social status. While Hispanics tried to mix Indian and Spanish culture, both sides were not congruent. The Spanish culture was more dominant than the Native American cultures. Although Spaniards ate Indian food, wore their clothes, and learned their culture, it was the Indian cultures that became influenced by the Spanish. Such dominance and profound environmental changes stated earlier accounted for the Spaniards incredible influence on Southwest America. Research Papers on introduction to native culturesAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeWhere Wild and West Meet19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionGenetic EngineeringQuebec and CanadaHip-Hop is ArtRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andPETSTEL analysis of India

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Oleanna - Essay Example Their speech is a conditioned reflex accompanied by prejudgement of each other’s thoughts, which hinders communication. When Carol enters John’s office and presents his case, he gladly receives him as one of the needy students who have come for assistance. He abandons everything he was doing and sits to listen to the innocent college girl who wants to raise her grades. Several attempts by John to explain to Carol how she needs to study do not yield up anything because of the break up in communication. At one point, Carol misquotes John to have called her stupid. She twists words to have another meaning, which depicts her character. In their conversation Carol and John use words like â€Å"what,† â€Å"I don’t understand,† â€Å"I don’t know what you are saying.† Carol and John are seeking of each other’s conversation meaning that they do not seem to understand one another. At one point, Carol thinks that â€Å"terms of art† have another meaning. On seeking for the meaning from John who had used it, he states that he does not know. With these unclear messages, you hear either Carol or John nodding in agreement or responding to what the other is saying. All this is bound to misinterpretation. For instance, according to Mamet, After attempts to help Carol fails, Carol sobs deeply and John places his hand on her to comfort her. Carol throws his hand off her and she interprets this as a sexual harassment. Their conversation is interrupted by Johns wife who needs him at home and Carol Promises to come to the office the second time. The following day carol comes to John’s office with bills that show that she has filed a case with the tenure committee that John sexually harassed her. Professor’s noble efforts to help carol had been turned into something offensive. John could not understand such a misinterpretation and decided to sort things out with Carol, which only makes things worse. What the professor had though

Certification and Standardization of Mediators Essay - 1

Certification and Standardization of Mediators - Essay Example Years later, California added child custody decisions to mediator responsibilities. â€Å"In 1980, California became the first state to mandate all parents with custody or visitation disputes to participate in family mediation prior to a court hearing† (Milner et al., 2004, p.5). By 2004, most states had mandates regarding family divorce disputes, and 38 states had mediation mandates where child custody issues occurred (Tondo, Coronel, & Drucker, 2001, as cited in Milner et al., 2004, p.5). Example One. One of the frontrunners and more controversial figures in divorce mediations was O.J. Coogler, an Atlanta lawyer and author of the book, Structured Mediation in Divorce Settlement (1978). This marriage and family litigator used labor negotiations and social sciences as a guide to build a framework for third-party mediators to use when assisting divorcing couples resolve issues such as property division, alimony, child visitation, and child custody (Milner et al., 2004). Despite establishing the Family Mediation Association (FMA), the bar association harshly rebuked Coogler. â€Å"The bar association declared mediation by non-lawyers to be the unauthorized practice of law and attempted to dissuade lawyers from mediating through the threat of ethical sanctions† (Silberman, 1988, as cited in Milner et al., 2004, p. 5). Example Two. Confidentiality is crucial in court proceedings. In a civil suit involving the still photography and filming of underage girls, the judge ordered mediation in an attempt to circumvent litigation (Zimmerman, 2009). However, the defendant did not take the mediation proceedings seriously. He appeared four hours late, dressed inappropriately, shouted profanities at the court, continually placed his dirty, bare feet on the plaintiff’s table, threatened the plaintiff’s lawyer, and then proceeded to breech confidentiality by telling

Business Strategies And Objectives Of Next Economics Essay

Business Strategies And Objectives Of Next Economics Essay Next is a UK based retailer with its Headquarters in Leicester, UK and offer wide variety of brilliantly designed, outstanding quality of trend and accessories for men, women and children collectively with a full variety of home ware (Next Plc). In 1864 it was founded by J. Hepworth Son under the name of Gentlemanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ²s Tailors (Next Plc 2011) Next is the oldest company which has been trading for nearly 150 years and was initially created in 1982. Most recently Next was established as authorized Clothing and Home ware supplier to the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympics. Next will also supply outfit for Team GB for the opening and closing ceremonies, and will fabricate uniforms for 4,500 technological officials and suits for reception staff and will deliver bed linens and other home textiles for the athletes village (Next Plc 2011) . Next owns more than 500 stores in UK. Next has franchises more than 180 stores and active in continental Europe, Scandinavia, Russia, India, Japan and the Middle East. Next provides a directory, it is a home shopping catalogue and website with nearly 3 million active customers and also has an international website capability in more than 30 countries worldwide (Next Plc). Next Plc is listed on the London stock exchange and is part of the FTSE 100 Index. Total revenue for the year ended January 2011 were  £3.5 billion with pre tax profits of  £551 million (Next Plc). Nexts other business groups include (Next 2010): Ventura: Clients wishing to subcontract their consumer contact management and accomplishment activities Venture provides customer service management to them. Lipsy: Through wholesale, retail and internet channels, Lipsy create and sell its own labelled younger womens trend product. Next sourcing Ltd (NSL): Design sources and buy Nexts products. Business Strategies and objectives of Next The prime financial objective of Next group is delivery of sustainable long term growth in earning per share (EPS). Next believes the following strategies will help achieve the objectives at its best (Next Plc , january,2011): Maximising the amount of Next Directory consumers and their standard spend. Maintaining groups financial power through a well-organized balance sheet and financing composition. Managing gross and net margins by continues cost control, well-organized management of stock levels, working capital and improved product sources Developing and improving next product ranges, achievement in which is reflected in total sales and sales performance. Cancelling and Purchasing Next shares while its earning are attractive and in the interest of shareholders generally. New stores review must meet challenging financial criteria prior to the investment is ready and achievement is precise by calculating achieved sales and profit contribution against appraised goals (Next Plc , january,2011). Marketing and Marketing Mix Place: Operates in UK and Europe, Middle East (reportlinker 2009,february ). Also operates in Scandinavia, Russia, India and Japan (Next Plc). Next sources operate in mainland China, Honkong, Srilanka, India and UK (Next Plc , january,2011). This show, Next stores are spread globally. Product (or services): Includes womenswear and accessories, menswear, home interiors, childrenswear, Next flowers, NX sports, electrical, designer branded fashion and baby boutiques (Next Plc). Improvement in customer service by introducing initiatives such as next day delivery for orders placed before 9 pm (Next Plc , january,2011). Customers may return or collect any item at Nexts store nationwide, which is more convenient for customers. MARKETING MIX Promotion: Next promotes its product through advertising, Internet (www.next.co.uk). Next directory was an important promotional catalogue which helped to raise the downmarket image of mail order business (British fashion company) Through TV advert (Next plc) and discount vouchers and Gift Cards. Price: Dont focus on lower income group. Not Cheap. NEXT plc sells reasonably priced clothing for men, women, and children; housewares; and furniture (Next) . Prices differ for different range of products. Prices in Nexts printed material and on its website are inclusive of VAT (Next). Offers stylish and affordable clothing (Next). For marketing and marketing mix definition refer to appendix 1 Business Environment in Which Firm (Next) Operates NEXT recognises that it has a duty to administer the impact of its business on the environment both now and in the future. Key areas of focus are: power use and emissions from stores, distribution centres, warehouses and offices; fuel emissions from the carrying of goods to either stores or customers homes; and Waste created in warehouses, distribution centres stores and offices. NEXT is committed to reducing its carbon footprint by reducing energy utilization during its minimising, operations and recycling waste, cutting transport emissions and reducing the packaging in its products. Ratio Analysis Profitability Ratios Gross Profit Ratio: Gross Profit Ratio of Next Plc Gross Profit Ratio of MS From the above line graph of Next Plc, Gross profit ratio is significantly increasing till 2010 as Next has increased its revenue, enlarged profits and is constantly investing in its own business (Next Plc 2011). In January 2011 there has been 7% decrease in gross profit ratio because of increase in cost of sales by 2% and revenue and gross profit has increased but just a little bit not a huge increase. While comparing Next Plc with MS it can be noticed that gross profit is fluctuating and after 2005 there is again a decrease in 2009 which was because of increase in cost of sales by 3% as compared to previous year whereas gross profit of Next plc in 2009 has increased as compared to previous years. This shows that Next Plc is more constant and likely to give a tough competition in coming future. Operating Profit Ratio: Operating Profit Ratio of Next Plc Operating Profit Ratio of MS As noticed from the above line graph, Operating profit ratio has significantly increased till 2008 but there is huge decline in 2009 i.e. 10% decrease its because of decrease in gross profit and revenue but increase in net foreign exchange and expenses (Next Plc 2009) however after that Next has regained its position and the operating profits has been increasing since then till now. Comparing Next Plc and MS its clearly concluded that Next Plc is having more profits then the latter and its profits are being increased regularly till now whereas MS should apply some strategies to increase its profit margin. So, finally it is concluded that Next plc without any doubts has high profits and is ahead of MS. Return On Investment: ROI of Next Plc ROI of MS From the above bar graph it can be notice that year 2008 was worst in terms of ROI as it was negative because of negative buyback of shares resulted in reduction of equity i.e., the value of equity got reduced and was negative (Next Plc 2008) . In 2010 Next regained its position there were buy back of shares leading to reduction in equity and increase in ROI. In 2011 Low Operating profits the finance cost has increased by 5% as compared to 2010 leading to little bit decrease in ROI. With comparison to MS, Next as a high Return on Investments in 2010. ROI was highest (31%) in 2010 in Next Plc whereas MS ROI was just only 5% as compared to previous years. This concludes that Next has low equity which helps it to gain its good position whereas the equity is high in case of MS which is not good for the company. Return on Capital Employed: ROCE of Next Plc ROCE of MS From the above Bar graph it can be concluded that in 2008 Net profits has been increased by 33% as compared to 2007 leading to increase in ROCE. In 2009 long term borrowings (27%) total equity has increased respectively due to medium term notes and de-recognition of financial liability resulting in decrease in ROCE. But in 2010 and till now ROCE is increasing due to increase in Net profits. Comparing MS and Next Plc it can be noticed that comparing the two companies Next is having Much higher ratio and reputation as in 2010 MS had 19.09% which was 2% lesser then 2009 whereas ROCE ratio is increasing i.e., was 59.73% which was 7% greater than previous leading to increase in Profits which is good for a company. Liquidity Ratios Current Ratio: Current Ratio of Next Plc Current Ratio of MS From the Bar graph above it can clearly seen that current ratio was really good which shows the sound liquid position of Next Plc except in year 2008 as the ratio is less than 1 (0.94 times). It is because of Accounts receivable and investments have decreased as compared to 2007. But after 2008 there is an ideal Liquidity situation which is superior for any company. Comparing with MS it is clear that NEXT Plc has more sound position then it has because current ratio is less than 1 which shows that the company is more liquid and less sound. It expresses the working capital correlation of current assets available to meet the companys current obligations. MS would be unable to pay off its obligations if they came due at that point and shows that the company is not in good financial health. So this concludes that Next Plc has a good financial health and can even pay off its obligations as and when required comparatively its opposite with MS. Acid Test Ratio: Acid Test Ratio of Next Plc Acid Test Ratio of MS Companies with ratios of less than 1 cannot forfeit their current liabilities and must be looked at with an acute caution (Investopedia). From above it is noticed that except 2009 the acid test ratio for the company is less than 1 which is a serious matter to look into but less acid ratio doesnt mean that the company is bankrupt and Next Plc is making every effort to prove itself but still comparing it with MS it can clearly be noticed that the ratio is much less as which means MS cannot forfeit their current liabilities as compared to Next Plc and suggests that MS should take some serious steps to increase its acid test ratio. Investment Ratio: Long Term Gearing: LTG of Next Plc LTG of MS Next appears highly geared, it represents a momentous rise in gearing from 339.8% in 2007 to negative 842.3% in 2008. This is due to significant decrease in retained earnings in 2008 together with perseverance borrowings which exceeded shareholders funds. Gearing ratio increased as Next Plc borrowed excessively for financing store development which increased long term debts. As gearing is exceeding 100% it indicated substantial bankruptcy risk for next (Next Plc 2008). Comparing with MS, MS had a good position in 2007 and 2008 as the percentage was less than 100 (74.9 and 98.6).MS gearing also exceeded the 100% scale for high threat companies, it is better off than Next Plc as it has larger shareholder funds and retain earnings and utilising them efficiently. MS therefore involve lower bankruptcy as compared to Next Plc. Interest Cover: Interest Cover of Next Plc Interest Cover of MS The interest cover for Next Plc was 16.23 times in 2007 to 11.05 times in 2008 which gradually decreased to 10.45 in 2009 which is because of decrease in net profit and increase in finance cost by 15% cost due to interest payable on bank facility, medium term notes, bank borrowings. But there is an increase after 2009 which tells that Next Plcs elevated pricing strategy has guide to greater profit margin and thus provides enough operating profit before interest and tax to pay off the interest. In comparison, MS interest cover rate (4.69) was about half that of next (10.43) in 2009 and shown a downward trend. MS had been trying to raise its market share at the expense of lower margin whereas it just opposite in the case of Next Plc. For MS its recommended that it should look to decrease its load of debt expenses. 4) Management Efficiency Ratios: a) Inventory Days: Inventory days of Next Plc Inventory days of MS Next stock turnover had been higher during the year. Nexts rising selling price have adversely affected consumer spending and stock turnover raised to 49 days till 2009. b) Receivable Days: Receivable Days of Next Plc Receivable Days of MS c) Credit Period (Days): Credit days of Next Plc Credit days of MS Working Capital Cycle: From the above inventory days, receivable days and credit days Working capital cycle is concluded. Working Capital Cycle 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Inventory Days 51 47 46 49 48 51 Debtor Days 60 64 65 69 66 68 Creditor Days 20 19 19 23 19 58 Working Capital Cycle 91 92 92 95 95 61 From the above table it is concluded that debtor days are fluctuating. Debtor days increased from 2007 till 2009 and then in 2011. In 2010 and 2011creditor days has been doubled from 19 in 2010 to 38 in 2011. Working capital cycle efficiency improved from 2007 till now and 2011 is considered to be the most efficient year. 5) Investor Ratio: a) Earnings per share (EPS): EPS of Next Plc EPS of MS By the end of 2007 b) Dividend per Share (DPS) DPS of Next Plc

Essay --

Service delivery is one of the most challenging tasks that face many organizations today. This is even worse in cases where factors such modality of fulfillment of a given service, challenges inherent in it and productivity measurements are not properly understood. My company deals with a complaint resolution service. This is a service product that is delivered directly to clients who depend on it for the purpose of redress concerning misunderstanding or disagreements as far as the company’s products are concerned. Customer dissatisfaction is highly dangerous for the existence and prosperity of any given business as it may make the business to collapse so easily. It is upon this concept that the company operates with a view to ensuring that all customer related misunderstandings are dealt with swiftly and compassionately so that clients do not feel neglected or misunderstood. Complaint resolution, as hard as it is, is a very delicate interaction between the client and the company agents. This means that it should be handled carefully by taking into account the key requirements that it deserves. The requirements for complaint resolution are many and generic. They include patient and credence, feedback and time, customer inclusion and respect, record and documentation among others. First, and most obviously, patient of the highest level is needed. This is recommended in the cases where an agent is involved in a complicated case that may need more time to handle in one hand, and urgency on the other. In addition, any company agent is required to be patient with controversial clients who may not give room for explanations as to what could be the remedy of a given misunderstanding. Patient is also recommended as the best way of... ...ining and continual financial support. Even though it is difficult to measure the productivity of this service product, customer complaint resolution, parameters like increase and decline in customer-related claims is a perfect gauge of its performance. Concisely, it is suffice to say that customer complaint resolution is highly necessary for any business. This is because any customer dissatisfaction may of consequences to the survival and prosperity of the company. As a result, all customer-related complaints should be dealt with swiftly and compassionately by taking into account all the key requirements that underpin the exercise lest any deviation cost the company dearly. On the same note, this service should be carried procedurally by taking into account all the recommended steps involved in order to ensure quality customer service delivery in the company.

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High school â€Å"back in the day Betty Joy Par's High school experiences Jack Schaefer Jack. [email  protected] Com Waterloo- After interviewing Betty Joy Parr about her high school experiences I learned many Interesting things. Currently Betty lives in Huston, Texas. Her husband of 53 years Larry Parr was her high school sweet heart. She Just had a birthday and was 74 on May 30th. After attending high school at Roy Miller High School in Corpus Christi, Texas from 1953 to 1958.After graduating with at class of 475 students she went on to work and noir collage as she helped her husband trough collage as she explained, â€Å"There wasn't money for college so I got a job at a Savings and Loan as a Teller. I put my husband thru college In Arlington, Texas. † As she continued about some major things In history that she could remember she said, â€Å"In Dallas witch Is near where we were living at the time Kennedy was assassinated. Everyone was in shock at the bank where I work ed. † She spoke about some of her favorite high school memories of high school.I asked ere what her favorite things were to do or be in was she said, â€Å"being in the Band and football games. I was a twirler or majorette in the band. † As we talked I asked what her favorite subject was she told me keyboarding. She said, â€Å"Our School had Just gotten five new electric typewriters and we each got a chance to use them. † She told to me that she was involved in many things other then just school. She was also involved in yearbook and student counsel as security also expressing that there was other groups that were at school.She said, â€Å"drama team and Y-teens were offered along with the sports of Football, basketball, tennis, track, baseball. † Betty shared that her two best friends are still close with her. She stated, â€Å"Marlene Price and Betty Jane Sorrel were my best friends. Marlene lives In corpus Christi, Texas and Betty Jane lives here In H ouston. She also said that she soul gets together with 12 other friends from high school. As I went on to ask more about how high school was like I asked what the had to wear she responded, â€Å"We would wear neck scarf and sweaters with skirts, lots of ethicists to make them stand out. She also said they has to wear something different at gym time. As I started to learn more about was a normal say was Like I wondered about the teachers she said, â€Å"We thought they were old but we had respect for them. We knew they were there to teach us and that we better listen. She said she never got in real trouble knowing that there would be a bad consequence. I also was Curious about how relationships were back then. She said, didn't date until your sophomore year. † She said for there first date that it would be to the ivies and then it would be a double date.She told me that a typical Friday night was going to the movies or the popular hang out place Mac's Drive Inn or some type As I had learned so much from her I asked about her overall experiences she said, muff don't feel old, you feel the same inside yourself but when you look in the mirror you see you have aged. † I had to laugh a little bit when I hear this. I think that it is interesting and fun to learn about how what I am courtly going trough 60 years latter really has not changes that much.

Athletic Scholarship For College Athletes - 1646 Words

The NCAA’s purpose is to direct competition in a just, safe and sportsmanlike manner, and to assimilate intercollegiate athletics into higher education so that the experience of the student athlete is the best it could be. It describes a professional team as an organization that provides any player excess amounts of money for involvement on the team.â€Å"Because of this paying student athletes would cross the line between professionalism and amateurism and would demolish the spirit of being a student athlete. Although players are not paid, they are often given athletic scholarships to attend college. In one year alone more than 5,000 athletic scholarships are given in the Division one (Div 1) level for just football. Moreover NCAA is by far the largest collegiate athletic association in the U.S. with well over 1,000 schools in its fold. Divisions I, II, and III serve to establish these athletic programs. Formal athletic scholarships can be extended to athletes that play for Div I and II schools creating many opportunities for athletes to acquire an athletic scholarship. This exemplifies that Top College athletes already do get paid, in the form of amazing scholarships. Furthermore, those with professional ambitions benefit from the critical training and exposure that enhances their draft prospects and bring them to the next level; this shows that colleges dispense roughly $1billion dollars in athletic scholarships each year. Giving student athlete’s payment would be equal toShow MoreRelatedEssay on Athletic Programs of Universities918 Words   |  4 PagesFrequently, colleges are better known for their athletics than academics. Universities thrive off their athletic programs and in return, most reward their athletes through scholarships, apparel, and experiences. However, some believe that these rewards are not sufficient and that college athletes should be paid a salary. 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