Choose one topic from the suggested topics on Hamlet. I will upload Research Paper

Choose one topic from the suggested topics on Hamlet. I will upload again - Research Paper Example Hamlet serves as one of the greatest tragedies ever produced not only in the history of English Literature, but also in the history of all literary pieces of the world at large (Mack 44). Created by the illustrious dramatist of all ages William Shakespeare by 1602, the play concentrates upon the revenge to be taken by the protagonist Hamlet from the King Claudius for murdering his father while his sleeping in the orchard (Evans 197). Shakespeare has elaborated the theme of the play in a powerful manner through various characters involved into the developments associated with the revenge in one way or the other, which proves his command over depicting both goodness and evil (Daiches 562)-- the elements that exist in every personality as well as in all social establishments of the world without discrimination Macionis 130). Consequently, the playwright has skillfully portrayed the phenomena existing in the social, natural and physical environment of humans at large. By making a critica l examination of the protagonist, it becomes crystal clear that on the one side, Hamlet appears to be the representative of goodness, who looks determined to punish the cruel and treacherous murderer of his father (Bloom 410-11); and on the other side, he is confused and reluctant to kill Claudius while he is praying and meditating in his chamber (III, iii, 73-96). It successfully demonstrates the external and internal conflicts Shakespeare aims to define in the play (Denton 2009) through his characters. The internal conflicts haunt Hamlet first due to the his mother’s second marriage to Claudius within few weeks of the death of her first husband. It is therefore, he laments that even a beast, wanting the discourse of wisdom (I, ii, 149-50) could wait more than her mother, who did not bother to delay her incestuous marriage for some appropriate period of time even (I, ii, 156-57). Hence, Hamlet mourns the death of his father in the same manner that had been in vogue in the El izabethan era (Kirsch 21), where he has demonstrated his sheer feelings of love for his father by exclaiming that his inky cloak (I, ii, 77), reflects mere a small proportion of his grief. Similarly, he also experiences internal conflict on finding his uncle at the position of his father, though he is far inferior to his father in all regards, in the same manner that ordinary people are inferior to the mighty Hercules (I, ii, 153). Secondly, disclosure made by the ghost of his father regarding his foul and most unnatural murder (I. v. 25), also endorses his suspicion regarding Claudius’s hand in the murder of his father. Since Hamlet has learnt about the story of his father’s murder, he is urged by the ghost to take revenge from Claudius of such a cruel and unfair crime he has committed against King Hamlet. Hence, the ghost’s disclosure about the murder of King Hamlet turns Prince Hamlet aggressive, who prefers to stay in Denmark rather returning to Wittenberg t o continue his education. Inner conflict Hamlet undergoes could be discovered while his dealings with Ophelia, the girl he has been in love with. He not only intends to marry her, but also obtains a powerful response from her side too (III.i.112–

The Amityville Horror Analysis

The Amityville Horror Analysis For many, buying a new house symbolizes a fresh start. For first time home owners, it may be a sign of self fulfillment and accomplishment. But what if your dream home had a violent and tragic past? What was once the start of something great, turned into a terrifying nightmare? The Amityville Horror misfortune and haunting depict just that. The families that have lived there endured torment and hell, their stories becoming a legend over time. The DeFeo family were the first inhabitants of the infamous Amityville house. Ronald DeFeo, nicknamed Big Ronnie, and his wife Louise were newlyweds who decided the make a family. The first born was Ronald Joseph DeFeo Jr, nicknamed Butch on September 26, 1951. As a child, Butch was overweight and a loner. He was constantly teased at school, and his home life was no better. Big Ronnie disciplined Butch with no mercy. Hot tempered, Big Ronnie often took out his frustrations on Butch, and was seen as a man of authority, not to be reckoned with. Later in his teen years, Butch began using amphetamines, losing most of the weight and becoming bigger, leaner and stronger. His school issues were better; however his life at home continued to be the same, with him and his father fighting relentlessly, sometimes resulting in physical fights. (Osuna, 2003). On one occasion, during a heated argument, Butch pointed a 12 gauge shot gun, with the intention of shooting him. However, the gun did not g o off. Some say this foreshadows the upcoming events. (The True Story of the DeFeo Murders, n.d.). On July 29, 1956, Louise DeFeo gave birth to a daughter, Dawn Theresa DeFeo. Then, on August 16, 1961, Allison Louise DeFeo was born, followed by Marc Gregory DeFeo on September 4, 1962. The last child to be born into the family was John Matthew DeFeo on October 24, 1965. Fed up with living in Brooklyn, New York, the family decided to look for a new home. They eventually settled on a lavish house on 112 Ocean Ave in Amityville, Long Island. The dutch colonial, built in 1925, had two stories, six bedrooms, attic, basement, a gamble roof, an in ground swimming pool, and a boathouse that sat at the edge of Amityville creek. The house was long and narrow, the front showing the half-moon windows, looking somewhat like eyes, overlooking the street. The inside of the house was quite regal. The interior walls were covered in red velvet texture. In the dining room, a luminous crystal chandelier hung over the long dinner table, which seated 6. After moving in, the family decorated the living r oom with statues and paintings, which were in the living room. In the midst of it were a beautiful large fireplace and a baby grand piano. There were also self portraits made for everyone in the family, which was strung along the walls leading up the stairs to the second floor. (Osuna, 2003). It was seemingly the perfect house to raise a big family and dog, Shaggy. The family even placed a sign that read high hopes that hung on a lampost on the property, signifying the new beginning. (Anson, 1977; The True Story of the DeFeo Murders, n.d.). Though the DeFeos had their dream house, the violence still persisted. Butch began using hardcore drugs such as heroin and LSD. He also started committing petty theft. All the while, he was working with his father at Big Ronnies car dealership. Not satisfied with the amount he was being paid, Butch devised a plan to gain more. Given the order to deposit $1,800 in cash and $20,000 in checks into the bank by a staff member, he fabricated a lie, being said he was robbed on the way to the bank by an acquaintance in on the deal. He would then split the money with him. Around 12:30 pm, the two set off for the bank. Two hours later, the men came back to the dealership and declared they had been robbed at gun point. Big Ronnie was enraged and called the local police. After their arrival, they questioned Butch, who immediately became edgy and ill-tempered. He soon became violent with the allegation of lying. A few days later, Butch was summoned to the police station to point out the possible thief. After agreeing, Butch eventually backed out at the last minute. After hearing about this, Big Ronnie became livid, and came to his own conclusion about the incident, and Butch was to blame. He confronted his son at work and belittled him with insults and threats. (The True Story of the DeFeo Murders, n.d.). In the early evening of November 13, 1974, at a nearby bar called Henrys, which was located down the street from the Amityville house, neighborhood friends gathered for drinks ad conversation. Around 6:30 p.m, Butch raced in, face flushed, beads of sweat running down his forehead, and out of breath. Trembling, he yelled that someone had shot both of his parents. Butchs best friend, Robert Kelske ran over to his friend to console him. Robert rallied up patrons at the tavern and they all packed in Butchs 1970 blue Buick Electra 225, heading towards the house. Though it was merely down the block, Robert sped down the street, arriving in seconds. (Osuna, 2003). Quickly, the men ran inside. The house was quiet. Not a single sound was heard except the barking of Shaggy. The men hurried up the staircase, Robert leading. He knew exactly where the master bedroom was located, for he was an avid visitor to the DeFeo residence. Upon arriving to the second floor, the men were instantly greeted with a foul stench, the smell of death. Bracing himself, Robert opened the bedroom door and flipped the light switch. In the bed lay Big Ronnie and his wife Louise. At first sight, it was clear to see a bullet hole in the back of Big Ronnie DeFeos back. Pools of blood surrounded the couple. Dried blood had formed and ran from the wound. Louise DeFeos wounds were not easily seen, for she was snuggled beneath the comforter, however it was clear that she was not sleeping. (Osuna, 2003) Feeling lightheaded, Robert, started back downstairs, taking in what he had just discovered. Another member of the group, John Altieri, began to search the remaining rooms, which belonged to Butchs brothers and sisters. The first room to be checked by John, was that of John, 9 and Marc DeFeo, 12. John DeFeo lay lifelessly in his bed, his Knicks jersey devoured in blood. Lying in a neighboring bed was Marc, face down on his stomach. On his back was bullet wound, indicating how he was slain. (Osuna, 2003). The next to be found was Butchs sisters, Allison, 13, and Dawn, 18. Both were found in bed, dead via gunshots. Gruesomely the girls were shot in the head, though it was difficult to pinpoint the exact entrance wound; there was too much blood to know. Dawn was shot in the face in which half of it was splattered around the innocent girls bedroom wall. After these horrible murders were discovered, the police was called. By 7:00 p.m., the DeFeo residence was infested with officers and in vestigators. Instantly they looked to Butch for answers, seeing as how he was the sole survivor. (The True Story of the DeFeo murders, n.d.) Detectives Gasper Randazzo, Gerard Gozaloff, and Joseph Napolitano were assigned to interrogate Butch. When first asked what might have happened to his family, Butchs answered that the mafia was to blame. Louis Falini, an infamous hit man was the person to shoot and kill his family. Butch had said the hit man committed these crimes out of revenge for a fight the two of them had. Butch feared for his own life, and the police decided to take him back to the station for protection. In his written statement, Butch declared that he had went to bed at 2:00 AM that night. Then, at 4:00 AM, he reportedly heard the toilet flush in the upstairs bathroom, and that his family members were still alive and well. After tossing and turning, Butch decided since he could not fall back asleep, he would head into work early. He went on to say that he left work early and hung out with friends, all the while trying to reach his family, but failing. After returning home, he claimed to have slipped through the kitchen window and then discovered his parents bodies. That is when he raced to the bar. (The True Story of the DeFeo Murders, n.d.) The motive did not hold well for long. After intense examination of evidence in the home, it was apparent that the ammunition used in the murders, was that of Butchs .22 and .35 marlin rifles. Also, through the questioning of Robert Kelske, police found out of Butchs gun infatuation and the rocky relationship between him and his father. At 8:45 a.m., November 15, Butch was read his rights. After hours upon hours of questioning, and evidence pouring in that Butch was in fact inside the house during the murders, his story began to change. Now he was insisting that Louis Falini had held him at gunpoint around 3:30 a.m. and took him to each of his relatives room and to watch them be murdered. However, there were more holes in his story that Swiss cheese. Soon the truth came out. There was no mafia hit on the family. No one was to blame but Butch, who confessed he was the murderer in this statement, It all started so fast. Once I started, I couldnt stop. (The True Story of the DeFeo Murde rs, n.d.) The truth was, on the night of the murders, around 3:00 a.m., Butch casually walked into his parents room and shot and killed them. He then proceeded to do so with his brothers and sisters. It was estimated the killing spree took just 15 minutes. He then cleaned himself up and hid the evidence (gun, bloody clothing, etc). Eerily enough, after the killings were done, he continued his daily routines and went about his day. He went to work, and hung out with friends, as if he hadnt just murdered his entire family. (Eblin, 2007; The True Story of the DeFeo Murders, n.d.) Nearly a year after the murders, Butch finally went to trial on October 14, 1975. William Weber was assigned to be Butchs defense attorney. His defense was that his client was not in his right mind when he committed these murders and offer to plea insanity. After questioning on the stand, Butch gave even more bizarre stories on how is family was murdered, going as far as saying his sister Dawn was the one who killed, not him and he killed out of self defense. He also claimed he heard voices from inside the house telling him to murder his family. When shown a picture of his family members, and asked if he had killed him, Butch answered, As far as Im concerned, if I didnt kill my family, they were going to kill me. And as far as Im concerned, what I did was self-defense and there was nothing wrong with it. When I got a gun in my hand, theres no doubt in my mind who I am. I am God. (The True Story of the DeFeo Murders, n.d.). After weeks of trial, the jury spent two weeks deliberating t he fate of Butch DeFeo. The question was, was he the victim of insanity, or a cold blooded murderer? The results were in; the vote was 12-0. On November 21, 1975, Ronald Butch DeFeo Jr was found guily of 6 accounts of second degree murder, and sentenced to 25 to life on each case. Till this day, Butchs home is the New York State Department of Corrections. (Eblin, 2007; The True Story of the DeFeo Murders, n.d) The house remained vacant for 13 months after the murders. George and Kathy Lutz, also newlyweds, wanted to start afresh. The two had sold their own properties, in order to purchase one they can share together along with Kathys children from her first marriage, Daniel, 9, Christopher, 7, and Melissa Missy, 5, and their Malamute/Labrador mix named Harry. The couple came across the Amityville home from an ad in the newspaper. Like the DeFeos, the Lutz fell in love with the house. The realtor had told them about the horrible incident that took place there, for which gave the couple their reservations. However, after discussing the fact amongst themselves and the children, the Lutz decided to ignore the negative past, in hopes of starting a brighter future. (Anson, 1977; Belanger, 2005) The Lutz bought the house at a price of $80,000, considered to be a bargain. The family moved in on December23, 1975. The DeFeos furniture remained in the house, which some may consider creepy, but for the Lutz, it was a bonus to have the elegant furnishings. A friend of George insisted of blessing the house upon hearing about its history. Having no qualms, George decided it would bring no harm and agreed, seeking out Catholic priest named Father Ralph J. Pecoraro (Father Ray). When Father Ray started his blessing on December 23, after flicking holy water and beginning to pray in an upstairs bedroom, he heard a low masculine voice demand get out .Leaving the house, Father Ray did not inform the Lutz of what he heard, instead telephoning George the day after to advise him to stay clear of the room in which he heard this voice. As it may, the upstairs room, intended to be a sewing room, had formerly been Marc and John DeFeos bedroom. (Anson, 1977; Belanger, 2005) At first, the Lutz noticed nothing unusual about the house. There were cold spots throughout the house, but they insisted it was just a draft. Thinking nothing out of it, the Lutz continued to make a home in the Amityville house. However, through the days to come, strange occurrences began to take place. George describes hearing doors slam in the middle of the night. Id be lying in bed and Id hear the front door slam shut, Lutz said. Its an unmistakable sound in that house you absolutely knew that was the front door. Id go downstairs and the dog would be asleep at the door, nothing would be disturbed, and the door would still be locked. So you start questioning yourself. He also describes hearing what he thought to be a clock radio going off downstairs, sounding like a marching band, with hard footsteps. After running downstairs to check the noise, nothing was present, just their sleeping dog. (Belanger,2005) Kathy Lutz was having her own experiences in the house. One night, Kathy and George awoke and found Kathy to be 40 years older than what she was, the hair wild, a shocking white, the face a mass of wrinkles and ugly lines, and saliva dripping from the toothless mouth. George describes. By morning, her looks returned to normal. Kathy had also recalled having the feeling of being embraced by someone, even smelling perfume. However, she insists this did not feel threatening, but comforting. More days went by, and the paranormal activity became worse each day, hearing more mysterious footsteps throughout the house. One day, Kathy came across a hidden room. It was painted red, and was hid behind a massive bookshelf. The realtor had not told them about this room, so they decided to see the original house structure. The room had not been on it. George explains the room as being big enough for two people to sit. He goes on to say, The room had odors coming out of it, and they werent always t here, and there was no pipe access for sewers or anything like that. We took Harry down there, and he just wouldnt go in. He backed away. Its the only time I can recall him ever cowering from something. That was just one of those discoveries in the first few weeks of moving in. The room soon became to be known as The Red Room (Belanger, 2005; Anson, 1977) Soon, George and Kathy were not themselves. They rarely left and had no desire to leave the house. George seldom went to work, and began to lose weight. Instead of going out with friends, they invited them over. It was in these instances when not only George and Kathy heard mysterious noises, but so did their company. A fact that both made the Lutz happy for not thinking theyre crazy, but also horror because it was the evidence that what was happening was real. (Belanger, 2005) Night after night, George would wake up at 3:15 am, always having the urge to check on the children and the boathouse. Numerous times George had locked the boathouse doors, and within returning to his room, the doors were already swinging open. Coincidentally, this was the estimated time the DeFeo family was murdered. He would be awoken by the front door slamming on occasion, only to find the door tightly shut with the dog asleep in front of it. He also began drinking at a bar called The Witches Brew, a bar that which was Butch DeFeos favorites and a regular customer. Kathy would have horrible nightmares about the murders of the DeFeos nearly every night. They were so detailed, Kathy could pinpoint the exact sequence and how they were murdered. The children also began sleeping on their stomachs, the position in which the bodies of the DeFeo children were found. Missy, their youngest child, began talking frequently about an imaginary friend, Jodie. Missy said Jodie could take on any form, but was often seen as a pig like creature with red glowing eyes. She told Missy her and her family was going to live there forever. One night, while checking the boathouse, George had seen a pair of red eyes glaring at him from Missys bedroom window. It was suggested that this was Jodie. Huge cloven footprints outside the house in the snow had also been found. (Anson, 1977; The Real Amityville House: Seperating Fact From Fiction, n.d.) It was not only the family that was becoming different, but so was the house. Many times, the family would notice an odd, black substance dripping from the keyholes on the door. Jello-like substances were also being found scattered on the floors on the house. There were still immense cold spots, once recording to be a 40-50 degree difference from what the thermostat indicated. Flies had started to infest the house, despite the fact it was the middle of winter. Hundreds of flies were always found in one room; the sewing room, and there was no use in killing them, because they repeatedly came back. And on some nights, Kathy and George even experienced being levitated right off their bed. (Anson; 1977; The Real Amityville House; Seperating Fact From Fiction, n.d.) After decided enough was enough, they decided to bless the house themselves on January 8, 1976. While in the process, George held a silver crucifix and the two spoke the words of the Lords Prayer. In the living room, George could hear a group of voices telling them Will you stop?! By mid January, the Lutz had their final night in the house. The Lutz claims the events of that final night was too terrifying and they have no wish to speak about it. They decided to pack a few belongings, rallied up the kids and dog, and head to Kathys mothers house. But even then the phenomena did not end. George and Kathy recalled slime coming up the staircase towards them and also claims they levitated again. The Lutz did not return back to the house, even for their possessions. It had only been 28 days since they first moved in. (Anson, 1977; The Real Amityville House; Seperating Fact From Fiction, n.d.) The Lutz moved to San Diego and say they were finally freed from the presence inside the house. They stayed married until the late 1980s until they divorced. In 2004, Kathy died of emphysema, and George died in May of 2006. The two still remained close until their deaths. The house still stands today. It was newly renovated, with a new address and new owners. The new owners claim they have not experienced any kind of paranormal occurrences since they have been living there. The intensity of this story has been the base of many books and movies depicting the events that took place in this house. Because of the numerous movies made, most popular question asked if it the haunting was real or a hoax. However the Lutz participated in a polygraph test, in which they both passed with flying colors. (Anson, 1977; The Amityville Horror Official Website, n.d.)

Tom Sawyer and the Use of Novels Essay -- Literary Analysis, Louis D.

Louis D. Rubin’s â€Å"Tom Sawyer and the Use of Novels† approaches Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Tom Sawyer from an alternative prospective then most. Tom Sawyer has been frequently used as a study of Southern American history. For example, simply by looking at the discussions in class about the novel, most topics reviewed focused on history, such as racism and religion. Rubin conversely argues that, â€Å"In using Tom Sawyer as a factual guide to life on the big river, we neglect it as literature†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and instead asks, â€Å"What, in short, is this novel about as a novel?† (210). â€Å"Tom Sawyer and the Use of Novels† removes history from the conversation and focuses in on setting, characters, and plot, the â€Å"schematics† of literature. While some of what Rubin discusses I agree with, other claims I find hard to fully accept. In reviewing all three of these traits of Tom Sawyer, Rubin is able to argue that the novel is less about the American historical timeframe in which it takes place, but more about the feelings and emotions of what American life means. The first piece of the novel Rubin dissects is the setting. These paragraphs discussing setting in the review I found the most trouble with. If Rubin’s goal was to focus less on the â€Å"historical aspects of the novel†, how would he be able to fully discuss the novel’s setting? Setting is the thing that places the novel in its historical subtext. Ironically, Rubin writes that the setting is actually key: â€Å"All novels take place somewhere, of course, but in this instance the somewhere is very important† (211). Instead of focusing on time, an artificial measure, Rubin highlights the natural world found in the text, specifically Cardiff Hill, by discussing specific scenes. Rubin writes: ... ...lops through Tom’s own separate interactions with each character, each having its own conclusion. Rubin writes however: â€Å"The plot structure of the novel is directed toward that [the novel’s] end† (210). In summation, Louis Rubin does something different with his review of Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. Focusing on the novel as a piece of literature and exploring setting, characters, and plot, Rubin is able to break the stigma that Tom Sawyer is strictly a historical story. While there are some slight overlooks and complications with Rubin’s â€Å"Tom Sawyer and the Use of Novels†, the essay is able to critique and evaluate the novel’s real purpose outside of being a snapshot of American history. Rubin ends his essay by writing: â€Å"It may not provide us with all the facts we want about American life, but it can†¦ tell us what American life means† (216).

Concern in educational attainment between social groups

Nelson Mandela grew up in a state divided by apartheid. A black adult male in a state where a white minority ruled, he had a vision for South Africa ; to be one state regardless of race. In 1994 he became the first black president of South Africa – testament, so, that barriers, of any sort, should non be ground for or an apology for deficiency of attainment or accomplishment of any sort and, that barriers can be overcome. It is widely agreed that there are legion barriers to educational accomplishment and societal inclusion, among them Special Educational Needs ( SEN )[ 1 ]and disablement, Ethnicity and English as an Additional Language, and gender to call but a few. The purpose of this essay nevertheless, is to look at merely one of the barriers faced in this state, poorness, and to look at how students within this societal group are affected and how poverty affects their educational accomplishment, farther, the essay will look briefly at the development of inclusive instruction and what is presently being addressed by this and subsequent authoritiess in order that pupils, irrespective of circumstance can hold equality in instruction. In order to associate poorness with educational accomplishment and attainment spreads, a background to poorness and societal inclusion within instruction will be outlined followed by the first portion of the analysis which will look at the historical overview of inclusive instruction, current policy and counsel and its impact on minority groups ; the 2nd portion of the analysis will analyze the effects of poorness and how, in peculiar, students entitled to FSM ‘s[ 2 ]impact on the spread in educational attainment compared against kids non entitled to FSM ‘s. The concluding degree of the analysis will look at the importance of contracting the spread and the debut of the twenty-first Century School.What is poorness?At this point it is necessary to observe that, through research, it became evident that there is an ill-defined and infinite definition about what ‘poverty ‘ is and how it should be measured. However, most of the research leads to an understanding tha t poorness is to be related to in footings of ‘typical ‘ life criterions within the UK and the undermentioned definition is widely accepted: ‘Individuals, households and groups in the population can be said to be in poorness when they lack the resources to obtain the types of diet, take part in the activities, and have the life conditions and comfortss which are customary, or are at least widely encouraged and approved, in the societies in which they belong. ‘ P Townsend, Poverty in the United Kingdom: a study of family resources and criterions of life, Penguin, 1979, p31 The most important point made above and which is the chief cause of poorness is ‘resources ‘ ; to underscore more clearly, the chief cause of poorness is deficient income/unemployment which, for grownups with kids straight impacts on them and their well-being. Although the UK has a system of benefits which should protect households with kids from poorness, these excessively are deemed as excessively low. In relation to this, it accepted that whilst grownups do non take for themselves the route of poorness, for kids of parents populating in poorness there is no alternate and they are hence non merely kids but could be described as victims of circumstance. Poverty is non merely about traveling without it is about being deprived of equality in countries such as wellness, lodging and regard and, in the instance of kids, instruction. In concurrence with the definition ( above ) the DCSF ( 2009 ) goes on to depict child poorness entirely as ‘Child poorness agencies turning up in a family with low income. Research has shown that these kids will confront a greater hazard of holding hapless wellness, being exposed to offense and neglecting to make their full potency. It means they miss out on school trips, do non hold equal winter vesture and are n't able to bask leisure activities with their equals. As a consequence, their instruction suffers – doing it hard to acquire the makings they need to travel on to sustainable, well-paid occupations. This limits their possible to gain the money needed to back up their ain households in ulterior life, and so a rhythm of poorness is created. ‘ www.dcsf.gov.uk/everychildmatters/strategy/parents/childpoverty/childpoverty/What is Social inclusion?As with poorness, in order to associate societal inclusion with educational accomplishment and attainment spreads, a background and apprehension of the issues refering to societal inclusion demand to be outlined. The term ‘social exclusion ‘ is a term by and large used to depict what can go on to people who are capable to the most terrible jobs, and are hence no longer ‘socially included. ‘ As noted above, kids have no pick of background ; they are born into it and hence find themselves in poorness as a consequence of their birth circumstance. For a kid non to be socially included brings effects above and beyond economic poorness entirely. It is by and large considered that to be ‘socially excluded ‘ as a immature and waxy kid can hold far making effects damaging to both instruction and wellness hence, to surmise, to be socially excluded is to confront exclusion non merely economically but socially and academically excessively. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/social_exclusion_task_force/context.aspxHistorical development of inclusive policy & A ; counselBearing in head the old points, it is necessary now focus on how this and old authoritiess have attempted to get the better of some of these issues through inclusive instruction. It should besides be noted that whilst this essay is concentrating, in the chief, on the impact of poorness on educational accomplishment, the roots of inclusive instruction lay preponderantly with another minority group, kids with larning difficulties/special educational demands ( SEN ) . However, as acknowledged above ; through circumstance, students from households who are deemed as in poorness have now been identified as a group who are under accomplishing academically and, hence, as with students with SEN are a recognized minority group for which an inclusive instruction should profit. Inclusion is non a new thought and in fact has its roots at the bend of the last century where educationists, in peculiar kid public assistance innovator Elizabeth Burgwin, saw neither the purpose nor virtuousness in, what was so segregated instruction and that versions could be made to ordinary schools in order to educate all kids, whatever their ability or circumstance, together, nevertheless, there was another sentiment that kids could be ‘categorised ‘ harmonizing to their ability and taught in ‘special ‘ schools. These were kids who, in the words of the School Board for London ( 1904 ) were kids who could non be taught in ‘ordinary ‘ schools. ( Thomas, Walker and Webb, 1998 ) It became accepted that ‘segregated ‘ education/'special schools was the safe and reasonable manner frontward to run into the demands of kids with SEN ; farther, this format of schooling safeguarded the instruction of mainstream students in ‘ordinary ‘ schools, so the 1944 Education Act scripted an highly segregative station war instruction system. It was non until the mid-1960 ‘s when grounds showed deficiency of success in the system that opinions began to alter and instruction looked toward ‘integration ‘ and inclusion ( Thomas et al. , 1998 ) . Given so that the intent of inclusion within instruction is that students with SEN are integrated into mainstream instruction it is of import here to observe the difference between integrating and inclusion. The term ‘Integration ‘ was introduced in 1978 in the Warnock Report and referred to the thought of incorporating kids with SEN into a common educational model. The thought has since progressed to include all kids, non merely those with an identified SEN, but kids from all minority groups irrespective of gender, ethnicity or circumstance [ poorness ] so that a to the full inclusive instruction should be to the full inclusive of all kids and is seen to encompass diverseness. ( Warnock Report ‘special educational demands ‘ 1978 chapter 7 ) ( House of Commons: Select Committee on Education and Skills Third ReportA A 2006 ) Clarification of inclusion policy: Specifying inclusion p58 ) .Inclusive instruction‘Promoting excellence in instruction and underta king disadvantage demands we personalise learning and acquisition and back strong, advanced leading in schools ‘ Ed Balls, Secretary of State for Children, Schools and Families July 2007 – nowadays[ 3 ] ECM – Address to the National Children ‘s Bureau, 23rd July, 2007 The rule and patterns of inclusive instruction hence suggests that all students in a school, irrespective of their strengths or failings in any country, go portion of the school community ; that they are included in the feeling of belonging among other students, instructors, and back up staff farther, schools have a legal duty to educate all regardless of gender, ethnicity or circumstance in mainstream schools. Interrupting the nexus ( DSCF, 2009 ) identified that a FSM student is besides more likely to hold been identified with particular educational demands ( SEN ) and will be more likely to hold a CoP[ 4 ]statement or categorised as School Action or SA+ , it is possible that this group will besides be of a group of BEM or BESD[ 5 ]which have besides been identified as an under executing societal group. It is by and large considered that there is a relationship between these factors and intercessions such as individualized acquisition, as identified within the QCA model for inclusion, is critical to adhere to in order for advancement. For these identified groups, inclusion is non needfully merely understanding that every student will non be working on the same larning aims as every other student within that group but that the teaching method will be about recognizing where distinction would be appropriate in order to back up and suit the different acquisition demands and manners of the social/learning group and that a elaborate attack to supervising their betterment is in topographic point in order that marks may be stretched and met. Personalised acquisition ( distinction ) therefore, will be cardinal to raising accomplishment and therefore should be a cardinal constituent to contracting the spread and working towards a civilization where a kid ‘s opportunities of success are non limited by their socio-economic background, gender, ethnicity or any disablement or circumstance. Working within the inclusive model nevertheless should non be viewed as a barrier for either student or staff ; inclusion needs to be viewed as a go oning procedure of interrupting down barriers and contracting the spread to educational attainment for all kids and immature people. There are a figure of Torahs turn toing favoritism in instruction and therefore support inclusive instruction in the UK. Arguably, the most of import piece of statute law passed in recent old ages is the Every Child Matters ( ECM ) policy which, launched in 2003, was published alongside the formal response to the study into the decease of Victoria Climbie[ 6 ]and gave rise to the 2004 Children ‘s act. ECM covers kids and immature grownups up to the age of 19 ( or 24 for those with disablements ) and is the Government ‘s purpose is for every kid, whatever their background or circumstance, to hold the support needed to: Be healthy Stay safe Enjoy and accomplish Make a positive part Achieve economic wellbeing The ECM policy focussed on Inclusive Education & A ; Equality of Opportunity and placed high on the docket 3 chief countries: Human Rights – Childs have a right to larn and play together, they should non be discriminated against and inclusion is concerned with bettering schools for both students and staff likewise Equal Opportunities in Education – Children do better in inclusive scenes ( academically and socially ) , they should non necessitate to be separated in order to accomplish equal academic position and inclusive instruction is a more effectual usage of resources Social Opportunities – inclusive instruction is on portion of inclusion in society, kids need to be involved with all their equals. Assuming so that ECM and the 2004 Children ‘s act are back uping and approving inclusion, it is interesting to observe that there is grounds to propose, through the attainment spread, that societal minority groups, despite advancement and the inclusion and integrating advocated in the Warnock Report, are still under accomplishing and, that the construct of inclusive instruction is still discussed as though it applies merely to kids with an identified SEN and is non taking history of all societal minority groups, but as identified in the ‘Index for Inclusion ‘ below, it does, in fact, have a much wider range, inclusion in instruction involves: ( Booth and Ainscow 2000 ) Valuing all pupils and staff every bit. Increasing the engagement of pupils in, and cut downing their exclusion from, the civilizations, course of study and communities of local schools. Restructuring the civilizations, policies and patterns in schools so that they respond to the diverseness of pupils in the vicinity. Reducing barriers to larning and engagement for all pupils, non merely those with damages or those who are categorised as ‘having particular educational demands ‘ . Learning from efforts to get the better of barriers to the entree and engagement of peculiar pupils to do alterations for the benefit of pupils more widely. Sing the difference between pupils as resources to back up acquisition, instead than every bit jobs to be overcome. Admiting the right of pupils to an instruction in their vicinity. Bettering schools for staff every bit good as for pupils. Underscoring the function of schools in edifice community and developing values, every bit good as in increasing accomplishment. Fostering reciprocally prolonging relationships between schools and communities.Poverty and the effects on instructionIt is the purpose of this and subsequent authoritiess to raise accomplishment for all students and to interrupt the nexus between disadvantage [ poorness ] and low educational attainment. In 1999, the [ so ] authorities pledged to halve child poorness by 2010 and eliminate it by 2020, in response to this, in 2008 the authorities published a paper: Ending Child Poverty – Making it Happen 2008 underscoring their committedness to guarantee non merely that each consecutive coevals is able to derive better occupations, but that everyone has the opportunity to accomplish their possible, no affair what their background, farther the paper announced that a kid poorness Bill will be introduced in 2009. The Child Poverty Act 2010[ 7 ]ensures that sustained action must be taken to undertake child poorness by this, and hereafter, authoritiess, by devolved disposals, and by local authorities and their spouses. The act sets marks associating to the obliteration of kid poorness, and to do other proviso about child poorness. The Bill provides a statutory footing to the committedness made in 1999 and to make a model in which to supervise advancement at a national and local degree. Relevant to poorness and instruction nevertheless, is section 26 of the act which makes an amendment to the of the Education Act 1996 and gives the Secretary of State an order-making power to widen eligibility for free school repasts ( FSM ‘s ) if the kid meets prescribed conditions and the kid ‘s parent is in reception of a prescribed benefit or allowance. ( Child Poverty Act, 2010 ) Research carried out by the Joseph Rowntree Foundation in 2007 reinforced that the links between poorness and instruction were clear but complicated and that to interrupt the established relationship between poorness and hapless educational results required a alteration to the implicit in constructions ( Raffo, Dyson, Gunter, Hall, Jones, Kalambouka JRF A Review of research on the links between instruction and Poverty, September 2007 ) . Since so and with the coming of the Child Poverty Act and the End Child Poverty Campaign, inroads have been made and some 500,000 kids have been lifted out of poorness[ 8 ]nevertheless, there are still presently 4 million kids in the UK life in poorness, as defined above, which equates to an overpowering 30 % of kids all within the UK, farther, the UK has one of the worst rates of child poorness in the industrialized universe. It could be argued therefore that poorness has the ability to befog the possible and chance of a kid and hence limit the life opportunities of the kid. Evidence suggests that poorness has the capableness of determining a kid ‘s development ; before making the age of 2 ; a kid from a poorer household is more likely to be demoing lower degrees of attainment than that of a kid from a better off household and that kids turning up in poorness are more likely to go forth school at 16 with fewer makings ( End Child Poverty ; 2010 ) . In the preface to Removing Barriers to Achievement ( DfES, 2004 ) a set of specific educational ends were expressed. Chiefly, instruction is targeted as a agency to incorporate persons into society and to learn them the accomplishments necessary to take part contribute and achieve their possible. Therefore it can be assumed that the impression of inclusive instruction is a basic human right of every kid regardless of circumstance. Given so that the chance for full clip instruction is available for all and, that under international human rights jurisprudence ( and, in peculiar, Articles 28 and 29 of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child ( 1989 ) which cover the right to instruction ) , the UK has an duty to supply [ inclusive ] instruction for all kids. ( UN Convention on the Rights of the Child: 1989 ) If it is the instance so, that ‘the right of the kid to instruction, and with a position to accomplishing this right increasingly on the footing of equal chance ‘ ( Article 28 ) , it is interesting to observe that on mean hapless kids score less good on a scope of educational steps such as reading trials in early old ages and GCSE consequences in secondary instruction, foregrounding the predicament of poorness in instruction. With the statement made in the: Ending Child Poverty papers [ to guarantee non merely that each consecutive coevals is able to derive better occupations, but that everyone has the opportunity to accomplish their possible, no affair what their background ] it must follow, hence, that portion of the reply lies in instruction as the way to a better occupation lies with makings. During the last 10 old ages schools, nationally, have benefited from authorities investing and statistics show that the attainment spread is shuting nevertheless, grounds shows that there is still a nexus between household income and accomplishment. Approximately 15 % of all students are entitled to FSM ‘s but as demonstrated [ below ] , these students are less likely to acquire 5 good ACEM[ 9 ]compared to those students non in reception of FSM. For that ground, poorness and want remain an on-going country of concern. ( DCSF: Interrupting the Link, 2009 ) The importance so of FSM ‘s for eligible students should non be under estimated as a agency to shuting the spread in educational attainment as, to mention back to the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child ( 1989 ) , article 27 provinces that no kid in the UK should travel hungry. Abraham Maslow is known for set uping the theory of a hierarchy of demands, which places, in a pyramid, the order basic demands need for motive. At the underside, are the physical demands which, although basic, we will non work comfortably without. The basic human demand is for nutrient, H2O and slumber. The center of the pyramid trades with the emotion and at the really top is self fulfillment. Using this theory illustrates and reinforces the importance of FSM ‘s for students eligible as without their basic demand met students will non work to the best of their ability as demonstrated below. Assuming so that, a kid is fed, research has shown that there is a important and immediate consequence of diet on behavior, concentration and cognitive ability. Areas straight associating to educational attainment affected by nutrition have been identified as: Developmental upsets e.g. dyslexia and dyspraxia, Memory Concentration Intelligence Attention span Attention-Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder Aggression Accomplishment ( Sorhaindo, A. & A ; Feinstein, L. 2006 ‘What is the relationship between kid nutrition and school outcomes? ‘ Wider Benefits of Learning Research Report No 18. Centre for Research of Wider Benefits of Learning ) p 7, 11. If it is the instance so that nutrition has a clear impact on the public presentation of a student, it must hence be of premier importance to guarantee that all students entitled to FSM are in reception of them. In add-on to the above, nutrition is besides believed to impact upon behavior, which has the potency besides to impact school public presentation and interaction with equals, and compromise self-pride ( Sorhaindo et.al. , 2006 ) However, research carried out for the DCSF by the Key Stage 2 & A ; 4: National Indicator Set has shown that where students are in reception of FSM academic attainment is lower at every key phase ( as the focal point group identified is secondary students, relevant statistics merely are identified ) . By the sheer fact that a student is entitled to FSM indicates that they are from a household whose parents or carers are in reception of benefit and are hence are on low income and are entitled to use to their local authorization to claim FSM ‘s. The usage of the Income Deprivation Affecting Children Index ( IDACI ) is used in order to find FSM eligibility. This nevertheless, this is by no means a perfect system, as it misses out kids from households who do non use for all the benefit to which they are entitled ; in so making pushes the household farther into economic pandemonium as tiffins that need non needfully be paid for now become, unnecessarily, portion of the household budget. ( DCSF: Want and Education 2009 ) An attainment spread ( measured by students entitled to FSM ) is measured at each cardinal phase ; it begins at cardinal phase 1 and additions at each key phase through instruction. By the terminal of cardinal phase 4, research has shown that there was a 29 per centum point spread between FSM and non FSM students in English and a 28 per centum point spread in maths. This equates to a non FSM student holding over three times the odds of accomplishing an A*-C class in these topics compared to an FSM student. In 2007 Merely 21 % of FSM students achieved 5 ACEM[ 10 ], compared to 49 % of non FSM students. This figure had narrowed somewhat from the statistics available for 2003, whereby a non FSM student had 3.8 times the odds of accomplishing 5+ACEM, but this ratio has fallen over clip to merely 3.1 in 2007. ( DCSF: Want and Education 2009 ) . With a nexus in educational attainment holding been identified and linked to amongst others, poorness and FSM ‘s it is necessary to look at how this spread can be narrowed ; for every bit long as poorness exists in childhood there will be an addition in the hazard of grownup poorness. Intergenerational rhythms of poorness are non unbreakable or inevitable, but alterations need to be implemented or there will be a hazard that, in future old ages, the spread in attainment will impact on society, as there will be kids go forthing instruction with fewer accomplishments required by employers when come ining into the work force, which will finally impede economic growing. There is grounds to propose that poorness need non be the cause to achievement or attainment. Research carried out by Jason Strelitz, policy adviser on UK kid poorness for Save the Children, showed that with successful fiscal and policy intercession by national authorities ‘poverty ‘ as a cardinal barrier to educational attainment can be eliminated ( Jason Strelitz, The Guardian Newspaper, Thursday 21 August 2008 ) . It has been shown and is acknowledged that FSM ‘s are a clear indexs of public presentation nevertheless, in London in 2007, the mean attainment spread of kids on FSM and non FSM ‘s was 27 per centum points, the spread in public presentation between kids on FSM in the best authorization and the worst was wider still ; 37 per centum points proposing that it is non FSM in isolation entirely that is seen as a barrier but geographics and ZIP code. To exemplify ; two contrasting London boroughs: Kensington and Chelsea, with few kids on FSM, besides Tower Hamlets, who had the highest proportion of kids on FSM anyplace in the state. In 1998 Tower Hamlets ranked as one of lowest-performing governments in the state for educational attainment ; 10 old ages subsequently their consequences were above norm across the board and, for the poorest kids among the really best. It appeared the reply for Tower Hamlets was investing. During the 10 twelvemonth period identified, investing and e ducational enterprises were focused on deprived countries and the consequences were outstanding. With the exclusion of one, all of the 30 local governments that were identified saw betterment in their GCSE attainment since 1998. All, saloon one, had above mean per-pupil support. ( Strelitz, 2008 ) . This clearly demonstrates how investing in instruction can work to contract the spread in attainment and that poorness, is non needfully a barrier to instruction. However, it should be remembered that the investing has been made in the educational system/framework non the person and that the kids themselves, due to household circumstance, are still really in poorness although the chance of a good/better instruction has been afforded them and which will be the key to their hereafter and the chance for them to travel on into higher instruction or employment giving them the chance of interrupting intergenerational rhythms of poorness. It is clear so from the above that jobs within the instruction system have been identified and are being addressed, through statute law thrust and frontward thought as fiscal investing entirely will non work out the job, nevertheless, it does bespeak that the job can be solved. Working on the guidelines for alteration recommended in ECM the authorities has produced a series of documents aimed at sketching the manner frontward to contract the spread for specific groups. June 2009 saw the publication of the current authoritiess ‘ white paper: Building a twenty-first Century School System along with Interrupting the Link. Constructing a twenty-first Century School System proposes the manner forward for instruction. It paperss how this and future authoritiess will construct on the bing school system to make a new system that will supply an instruction that is able to move in response to the challenges of society. Further it looks at and endorses a wholly inclusive educational system taking to interrupt the nexus between want, disadvantage, disablement and low educational attainment and so impacts upon intergenerational poorness as discussed above and where every kid, irrespective of gender, ethnicity or circumstance [ poorness ] will hold the chance to develop and derive the accomplishments necessary to win in the of all time altering planetary clime. ( DCSF: twenty-first Century School System ) One component of the twenty-first Century School is ‘Extended ‘ services within schools. This has now been implemented in 72 % of schools countrywide and it is intended that by the terminal of 2010 all schools will offer ‘extended ‘ school services. The purpose being, to hold integrated wellness and societal attention on site every bit good as kid attention and after school installations ; thereby guaranting that jobs which may potentially stand in the manner of students larning are more easy and readily cover with. However, informations to day of the month shows that whilst consciousness of and satisfaction with services among parents is comparatively high, there remains a engagement spread between FSM eligible students and those non eligible, with non FSM demoing typically a 10 % higher engagement rate. The issue hence is to farther promote the deprived groups and, in peculiar those eligible for FSM, to take part and do usage of the offer. The engagement spr ead indicates that kids from poorer backgrounds are less likely than their equals to hold used to such installations and are hence less likely to province that the service meets their demands on the other manus the information shows clearly that advancement is being been made in enabling deprived kids to take part in quality after school activities, but that more demands to be done to maximize the benefits of these activities to convey this groups battle with acquisition. ( DSCF: Interrupting the Link, 2009 )DecisionIt is non poverty entirely that is the barrier to educational accomplishment. Poverty is circumstance. This and subsequent authoritiess can, and should put in instruction in order to give our kids the chance they need to interrupt away from intergenerational poorness and to shut the spread in educational accomplishment and societal inclusion. While kids are denied their basic human right of an instruction – equal for all, no affair their current circumstance, they will stay in poorness. Bettering life opportunities through instruction, for all, is non an unrealistic aspiration but does demand the committedness of policymakers, both national and local, schools, spouse bureaus and parents to work together, to be focused on presenting alteration for all. As Nelson Mandela broke through his barrier and proved that race need non keep back accomplishment, this state excessively can interrupt down barriers ; kids from all backgrounds can accomplish – poorness does non and should non be a barrier to attainment.

John Locke Essay

John Locke’s Second Treatise of Government has been, and continues to be, a cornerstone in Western political philosophy. The theory of government he presents in this particular document – that government is based on the sovereignty of the people – has been overwhelmingly influential since its publication in 1690. Before going further, however, it is necessary to understand the events from which the Second Treatise stems. As stated, this document was published in 1690, and it was done so anonymously. Two years prior to the publication, the highly unpopular King James II of England had been deposed – with no bloodshed whatsoever – and replaced by King William III and his wife, Queen Mary, who was a daughter of the deposed king. This event was known to history as the Glorious Revolution. Yet, when it occurred, Locke was not residing in England. However, he did have ties to the party that oversaw the Glorious Revolution – the Whigs. As a result of this relationship, Locke sought to justify the ascension of King William. Though the Second Treatise was written to justify the resistance that occurred to King Charles II, it was published to justify the Glorious Revolution. Locke’s Second Treatise begins with the premise that society is made up of free and equal individuals, all of whom are endowed with natural rights. He goes on to state that these same individuals will want to acquire possession, and most likely will engage in conflicts with one another. Therefore, he suggests that the natural law of morality be utilized to govern them. One major presumption made by Locke is the fact that, for a society to best protect itself and its property, the individuals within that society must join together and form a body politic, in which they agree to adhere to certain standards of behavior. To accomplish this, they must give up some of their natural rights. As history has since demonstrated, the giving up of natural rights has not always been met with a good response, as in the case of the American Civil War, where states’ rights was a major underlying cause. Within this civil society, the people must submit what they consider to be natural freedoms to the common law of that society. In return, they receive the protection of their government. An executive power – i.e. president – is given the authority to enforce the laws of the government, punishing any that break those laws. However, should the power held by the executive or other officials within the government fail to live up to their responsibilities, the people have the right and the responsibility to rebel against that government. Once they have rebelled against it, if they are successful in removing it, they must replace it with one that will abide by the laws set up for the smooth running of their society. It is this last concept that proves to be the crux of Locke’s document. It was what served as his motivation to write the Second Treatise. He wanted the British to understand they had the right to replace one government with another. It would be this concept that would serve as one of the underlying philosophies that would inspire revolutions in both America and France, as well as the documents on which America was founded on: the Declaration of Independence and the United States Constitution. The various ideas presented in the Second Treatise – limited government based on natural rights and human dignity, unlimited personal property based on those same natural rights – are what make this document a superbly constructed argument against the concept of absolutism. Thus, it remains a most influential work within the realm of political philosophy, and within history in general.

Griswold vs Conneticut Essays - Birth Control In The United States

Griswold vs Conneticut Essays - Birth Control In The United States Griswold vs Conneticut Griswold v. Connecticut Estelle Griswold was a former office worker and a certified medical physician. After several years of traveling abroad she returned to her home state of Connecticut. While searching for a job she came across an executive director position at Planned Parenthood League of Connecticut, but having little experience she took the job anyways and was willing to learn about contraception. She than began a movement to supply Connecticut women with information on birth control. This essay will clarify the history of rights under Connecticut?s state law, which turned the Griswold v. Connecticut case, an influential case for many different reasons. Until 1965, The United States Supreme court dodged cases that had involvement with reproductive rights which then most of the cases would be dismissed due to the lack of standing until Griswold?s case that came along. The case from Connecticut?s outdated and unforced laws against the usage of contraceptives like birth control. After taking her position Connecticut?s planned parenthood organization, Griswold met two men would help in to campaign to battle with the state?s anticontraception law. The two gentlemen were Dr. C. Lee Buxton and Fowler V. Harper. Together, the three of them would fight for the legalization of birth control. Griswold, Buxton and Harper felt that a ban on the use of contraceptives violated the right privacy. ?Their efforts would also prove instrumental in revolutionizing American law by bringing the so-called right of privacy under the protective umbrella of the U.S. Constitution.?(Johnson, I) Estelle Griswold?s fight for legalization would be faced with a cha llenge of Connecticut?s 1879 statute that made it a crime to use contraceptives. ?Although several other states in the 1950?s maintained restrictions on the manufacture and advertising of contraceptives, Connecticut?s statute forbidding the ?use? and ?abetting? in the use of contraceptives was the most restrictive in the country.?(Johnson, I) The constitution doesn?t protect a general right to privacy, but within the Bill of Rights there were zones created that established privacy. The Amendments that were used to justify a right to privacy were the ninth and fourteenth Amendment. The argument of the ninth and fourteenth Amendment related to this case is to ensure the civil and political liberties of the people and to make sure the government is not infringing on them. Another argument could be ?the privacy that is lurking between the lines or behind the words of the Bill of Rights that point to the First, Third, Fourth and Fifth Amendments.?(Johnson, 54) The First Amendment vows that one?s idea is simply one?s own and would not be dictated by governmental power. The Third and Fourth Amendments are quite similar because people feared a violation of their private space, which concerned the writers of the Declaration of Independence as it repeated itself in the Fourth Amendment of unreasonable search and seizures. Finally c oming to the Fifth Amendment, it may offer some protection for personal privacy because it manages individual right not to give evidence that could be used against them. Therefore there were several legal ramifications for the decision to uphold a right to privacy was first that the Supreme Court not only overturned Connecticut?s out of date state law, but it also ended up establishing a new constitutional right to privacy as written right in the constitution. The decision had also brought the movement for people to freely yet personally choose whether or not to use contraception. The second ramification of the decision was that Buxton and Griswold hinted that the Planned Parenthood League was planning on reopening the clinic within six weeks. Thirdly, several months after the decision was announced, The Planned Parenthood League of Connecticut ran its first birth control counseling sessions since 1961. Lastly, within one year Connecticut had opened two birth control clinics in two of Connecticut?s cities. ?Two and half years after the Supreme Court decision in Griswold, according to responses to questionnaires prepared by Buxton, there were six PPLC C birth control clinics operating in the state.? (Johnson, 182) In conclusion, Estelle Griswold was the center of a controversy and made outrageous, but valid points to the people of Connecticut. She fought for what she believed in and by the ruling of the Supreme Court she wasn?t the

Legalizing drugs or not essays

Legalizing drugs or not essays The question to legalize drugs is not a hard one. Drugs are one of the most common used illicit items in the United States today. Legalizing drugs or not has been questioned and discussed so often on television, books, and newspapers. Gore Vidal noted in Drugs Simply make all drugs available and sell them at cost. However, simply because of the lack of researching and the misunderstanding of the usage and effect of drugs, the writer misdirected his readers on the issue of drug legalization. First of all, writer pointed out that marijuana is actually not dangerous. However, earlier research has found that smoking marijuana increases the chance of developing cancer of the head or neck. In fact, marijuana smoke contains 50 to 70 percent more carcinogenic hydrocarbons than tobacco smoke does. People who smoke marijuana inhale more deeply and hold their breath longer than tobacco smokers do, which increases the lungs exposure to carcinogenic smoke. These facts suggest that, unquestionably, smoking marijuana may increase the risk of cancer more than smoking tobacco and cause great damage to the body which rejects the writers idea of marijuana is not dangerous. The writer also stated that marijuana is not addictive. Experts who worked on the Center for substance Abuse Treatment project consider however consider marijuana both psychologically and physiologically addictive. Over 52 percent of the youthful marijuana users who were involved in this project were shown to have dependence problem after using marijuana which rejects writers idea of marijuana as non-addictive substances and proves that the writer is misleading his reader on the drug legalization issue. As many would probably point out that the United State was the creation of men who believed that each man has the right to do what he wants with his own life ...

Rubidium Facts - Rb or Element 37

Rubidium Facts - Rb or Element 37 Rubidium is a silver-colored alkali metal with a melting point slightly higher than body temperature. The element is atomic number 37 with element symbol Rb. Here is a collection of rubidium element facts. Fast Facts: Rubidium Element Name: RubidiumElement Symbol: RbAtomic Number: 37Appearance: Grey metalGroup: Group 1 (Alkali Metal)Period: Period 5Discovery: Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff (1861)Fun Fact: The half life of the radioactive isotope Rb-87 is 49 billion years or more than three times the age of the universe. Rubidium  Basic Facts Atomic Number: 37 Symbol: Rb Atomic Weight: 85.4678 Discovery: R. Bunsen, G. Kirchoff 1861 (Germany), discovered rubidium in the mineral petalite via its dark red spectral lines. Electron Configuration: [Kr] 5s1 Word Origin: Latin: rubidus: deepest red. Isotopes: There are 29 known isotopes of rubidium. Natural rubidium consists of two isotopes, rubidium-85 (stable with 72.15% abundance) and rubidium-87 (27.85% abundance, a beta emitter with a half-life of 4.9 x 1010 years). Thus, natural rubidium is radioactive, with sufficient activity to expose photographic film within 110 days. Properties: Rubidium may be liquid at room temperature. It ignites spontaneously in air and reacts violently in water, setting fire to the liberated hydrogen. Thus, rubidium must be stored under dry mineral oil, in a vacuum, or in an inert atmosphere. It is a soft, silvery-white metallic element of the alkali group. Rubidium forms amalgams with mercury and alloys with gold, sodium, potassium, and cesium. Rubidium glows red-violet in a flame test. Element Classification: Alkali Metal Biological Effects: Rubidium carries a 1 oxidation state, like sodium and potassium, and displays biological activity similar to that of potassium ions. Rubidium concentrates inside cells within the intracellular fluid. The biological half-life of rubidium ions in humans is 31 to 46 days. Rubidium ions are not particularly toxic, but rats die when over half the potassium in heart muscle is replaced by rubidium. Rubidium chloride has been tested as a therapy for the treatment of depression. Researchers found dialysis patients suffering from depression tended to experience depleted rubidium levels. The element is not considered to be essential for human nutrition, although it is present in small quantities in nearly all human and animal tissues. Rubidium Physical Data Density (g/cc): 1.532Melting Point (K): 312.2Boiling Point (K): 961Appearance: soft, silvery-white, highly reactive metalAtomic Radius (pm): 248Atomic Volume (cc/mol): 55.9Covalent Radius (pm): 216Ionic Radius: 147 (1e)Specific Heat (20 °C J/g mol): 0.360Fusion Heat (kJ/mol): 2.20Evaporation Heat (kJ/mol): 75.8Pauling Negativity Number: 0.82First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol): 402.8Oxidation States: 1Lattice Structure: Body-Centered CubicLattice Constant (Ã…): 5.590CAS Registry Number: 7440-17-7 Rubidium Trivia Rubidium melts just a little above body temperature.Rubidium was discovered using spectroscopy. When Bunsen and Kirchoff examined their sample of petalite, they found two red spectral lines deep into the red part of the spectrum. They named their new element rubidium after the Latin word rubidus meaning deepest red.Rubidium is the second most electropositive element.Rubidium can be used to give fireworks a red-violet color.Rubidium is the 23rd most abundant element in the Earths crust.Rubidium chloride is used in biochemistry as a biomarker to track where potassium is taken up by living organisms.The hyper-fine electron structure of Rubidium-87 is used in some atomic clocks to maintain accuracy.The isotope Ru-87 was used by Eric Cornell, Wolfgang Ketterle, and Carl Wiemen to produce a Bose-Einstein condensate. This earned them the 2001 Nobel Prize in Physics. Sources Campbell, N. R.; Wood, A. (1908). The Radioactivity of Rubidium. Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. 14: 15.Fieve, Ronald R.; Meltzer, Herbert L.; Taylor, Reginald M. (1971). Rubidium chloride ingestion by volunteer subjects: Initial experience. Psychopharmacologia. 20 (4): 307–14. doi:10.1007/BF00403562Haynes, William M., ed. (2011). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. 4.122. ISBN 1439855110.Meites, Louis (1963).  Handbook of Analytical Chemistry  (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company.Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.

Presentation Globalisation Outline & speech notes Essay

Presentation Globalisation Outline & speech notes - Essay Example a considerable achievement in avoiding economic crises and achieving its current situation of macroeconomic stability, the country’s economic performance in the last 40 years was below its potential. Globalization has played a big part in reforming the economy of Qatar (Basu, 2008). This paper delves some of the impacts of globalization, with a close focus on the economy, education, and foods and diet to Qatar. Moreover, the paper also looks at these impacts at personal level. 2) Globalization has also enabled Qatar to export its products and resources natural gasses and oil to other countries all over the world. Regional agreements that govern the movement of people and commodities have created opportunities both at national and international levels. 1) People originating from different countries can now look for jobs in different countries. Personally, globalization will enable me to look for a job in any part of the world after I complete my studies. Moreover, my parents who are businesspersons can sell their products as well as buy products from various parts of the world. 2) On the other hand, I must be very competent for me to be employed since I will be competing with other people from various countries. Moreover, the products produced by our family business will have to face the stiff completion from good from the rest of the world. 2) Globalization has led to Introduction of new languages in the learning institutions. This expands the opportunities for the learners since they can look for jobs in other countries that use the newly introduced languages (Basu, 2008). 1) Globalization has led to increased per capita income, higher living standards, and high educational quality in Qatar. These aspects are associated with economies that have high literacy levels among its citizen. Personally, I have been able to study in the United Kingdom where the education system is of a higher quality when compared to that of my home country. Studying from abroad

International business finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International business finance - Essay Example On the other hand, too high or too frequently declared cash dividends may deplete internally generated capital, compelling the company to resort to more costly external financing according to the pecking order theory. Miller and Modiligliani (1961) proposed that the value of a firm was not dependent upon its dividend policy (Azzopardi, 2004). Rather than imply that the prospects of a regular cash income are not an important motivation of shareholders to invest in a firm, it is more likely, rather that there are different preferences and investment horizons for different potential investors. Generally a type of firm or industry would tend to attract investors of a similar profile with similar investment expectation, although not to the extent that deviation from one, ideal, type of dividend policy would dissuade potential shareholders from investing. Shareholder wealth is enhanced in two ways: by capital gain through the rise in the price of the stock, and through income distribution in the form of cash dividends. The dividend discount model implies that stock valuation should rise with rising cash dividends. On the other hand, pecking order theory proposes that retention of earnings in the company allows the firm to explore new opportunities for expansion without sourcing additional capital from external, costly sources. Finally, there is the signalling theory that opines that cash dividend declarations conveys the information to investors concerning the company’s long-term sustained earnings potential (Azzopardi, 2004; Kapoor, 2006). Determinants of dividend policy formulation Despite the apparent straightforward relation between dividend policy and stock price that determines shareholder wealth, empirically the relationship between them is not clear cut. There exist conflicting factors that qualify the manner dividend policy impacts upon the firm’s value and, therefore, shareholder wealth (Malla, 2009). The market therefore tends to associate va rious factors with dividend payout, which in turn influence the manner policy makers approach the issues surrounding dividend policy formulation. It is commonly assumed that the best dividend policy is one that increases shareholder wealth by the greatest amount, since it is presumed that the objective of policy setting is to increase the wealth of its shareholders (Adefila, 1995). However, correlation studies of stock prices and dividend policy revealed a relatively loose correlation between shareholder wealth and dividend policy, leading to the conclusion that various internal and external factors affect the formulation of dividend policy, some of which may not impact positively on shareholder wealth in the short term. The studies recommend a holistic approach to the formulation of dividend policy, since shareholder wealth is not the only consideration, nor even the overriding purpose, of setting the dividend pay-out. The findings of Adefila, made two decades ago and in relation t o an emerging market, are consistent even with findings of recent studies conducted in developed markets such as the United States. Gill, Biger & Tibrewala (2010) determined that in the US setting, the particular firm’s industry is also determinative of the typical (if not optimal) dividend payout policy adopted by it. It was found that the dividend payout ratio is dependent upon the

Opening up a tavern at NDNU Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Opening up a tavern at NDNU - Article Example because this was what the contract with Bonjur provided for. Menlo College which is also a small university located nearby has the same situation as in NDNU in which its cafeteria operates between 17:30 p.m. until 19:30 p.m. for dinner but then has a tavern that opens at 19:00 p.m. until it closes at 23:00 p.m. Students are able to take snacks from burgers to sandwiches if they failed to take dinner at the cafeteria. Menlo students can use their meal plans (chits or â€Å"tavern money†) when ordering (C. Dixon, personal communications, January 28, 2014). This is the same idea that NDNU is going to offer its own students. â€Å"I do not have a car and if the caff is already closed, I have to wait until morning so I can have a real meal,† said Jay Tsuruoka, an NDNU student athlete. Nico Charvet, also a NDNU student athlete, is likewise agreeable to the idea of a different option, especially if the cafeteria is closed already after his soccer practice. â€Å"I am not hungry after practice so I eat much later,† he added. A survey will be conducted among the NDNU students to know what they might want in a menu of snack foods. The plan is to allow students to use their meal plans (called â€Å"flex dollars† in the NDNU community) in order to make the Tavern a success this time around (Hurst,

Question 31 & 32 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Question 31 & 32 - Essay Example This means that criminal activities take places because criminals have low control over themselves. Individuals have low control over themselves because they have been brought up in a poor manner and their attachment with their parents is even quite weak which elevates the chances of them getting into a criminal act. Hirshi and Gottfredson even state that individuals who have low control over themselves even indulge in actions that may not be considered criminal but are quite harmful, these actions include: alcohol and drug abuse, road accidents and pregnancies that are not wanted. The base of the general theory of crime is the elements of love, affection, involvement and belief. Individuals having low self control are those who are not committed to the norms and cultural values of their societies and they end up committing criminal act as they give preference to satisfaction over the norms and cultural values of their society. 2. The theory of Left Realism came into existence during 1970s and was created in response to the importance given to deviant behaviors conducted by those who are considered as elite of the society (Adler, 2010, p.205). Left Realism states that the people within the lower class experience day to day criminal activities conducted against them and they mainly experience street related crimes (Vito, 2006, p.232). According to Left realists, street crimes are caused because individuals are committers of these crimes are deprived from social and political participation. Another emerging perspective of criminology is peacemaking criminology; this ideology of criminology promotes fairness, nonviolent living and impartiality between the components of the society (Adler, 2010, p.206). According to peacemaking criminology, the current state of fighting crime and actions used to counter criminal activities can only lead to more

Company SWOT Analysis and IT solution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Company SWOT Analysis and IT solution - Essay Example British Petroleum has been one of the frontline oil companies in the world with branches in some strategic countries, which include the United States, Nigeria, United Kingdom, and so on. Mostly, the products of BP include petrol, natural gas and other oil derivatives. Recently, the company is spearheading what is referred to as Energy Mix, which attempts to find out the possibility of generating electricity through wind, bio fuel and solar. Politically, BP cuts across many political terrains and the company is bent on capturing more oil market in this 21st century (British Petroleum, 2010). BP has some weaknesses, which would be analyzed using Porter’s 5 Forces Model and SWOT Analysis. Some solution would be suggested about how to address the weaknesses so that they would not continue to undermine the company’s success. Porter’s Five Forces Model analyzes a company based on the following criteria: (i) Bargaining power of customers; (ii) Threat of new entrants; (iii) Threat of substitute products; (iv) Bargaining power of suppliers; (v) Competitive rivalry within an industry (Porter, 1997). These 5 forces are analyzed below in the way that they affect the operations of BP as a giant oil company. (i) Bargaining power of customers: customers do not necessarily possess bargaining power as far as BP products are concerned. This gives the company the opportunity to fix the prices of its products (Bamberg, 2000). (ii) Threats of new entrants: Like every other company, BP has come under serious threats from big oil companies like Chevron, Exxon Mobil, Shell that compete with BP on all fronts. These threats have even become pronounced as new oil companies mount serious pressure on BP’s areas of operations (Bamberg, 2000). (iii) Threats of substitute products: The main business of BP is in the production of energy; however, the

Tourism is whorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Tourism is whorism - Essay Example Prostitution is one of the oldest professions; it is an offspring of poverty coupled with inhumanity. Some of the countries that receive tourists on regular basis have legitimized this inhumane profession. The statement â€Å"Tourism is whorism!† may not be applicable in general but there is definitely some link. Countries that are under privilege, and generate a great chunk of revenue from tourism are forced to ease out their policies against prostitution. People are poor, their mode of earning is scarce, therefore they are bound to look out for other sources and in this search of generating extra cash they indulge in heinous acts like prostitution. The natives of the tourists’ resorts are sometimes forced by the influential members of their societies to carry out illegal trade of flesh just to promote the region as tourist resort for sex maniacs. Thus, tourism is not entirely whorism, but there are certain issues that turn it to look like

Company SWOT Analysis and IT solution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Company SWOT Analysis and IT solution - Essay Example British Petroleum has been one of the frontline oil companies in the world with branches in some strategic countries, which include the United States, Nigeria, United Kingdom, and so on. Mostly, the products of BP include petrol, natural gas and other oil derivatives. Recently, the company is spearheading what is referred to as Energy Mix, which attempts to find out the possibility of generating electricity through wind, bio fuel and solar. Politically, BP cuts across many political terrains and the company is bent on capturing more oil market in this 21st century (British Petroleum, 2010). BP has some weaknesses, which would be analyzed using Porter’s 5 Forces Model and SWOT Analysis. Some solution would be suggested about how to address the weaknesses so that they would not continue to undermine the company’s success. Porter’s Five Forces Model analyzes a company based on the following criteria: (i) Bargaining power of customers; (ii) Threat of new entrants; (iii) Threat of substitute products; (iv) Bargaining power of suppliers; (v) Competitive rivalry within an industry (Porter, 1997). These 5 forces are analyzed below in the way that they affect the operations of BP as a giant oil company. (i) Bargaining power of customers: customers do not necessarily possess bargaining power as far as BP products are concerned. This gives the company the opportunity to fix the prices of its products (Bamberg, 2000). (ii) Threats of new entrants: Like every other company, BP has come under serious threats from big oil companies like Chevron, Exxon Mobil, Shell that compete with BP on all fronts. These threats have even become pronounced as new oil companies mount serious pressure on BP’s areas of operations (Bamberg, 2000). (iii) Threats of substitute products: The main business of BP is in the production of energy; however, the

Dell's Value Chain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Dell's Value Chain - Essay Example It has allowed its suppliers to view their orders and the current of inventory at the company. This allows for planning and providing components that are only needed. Besides, the strategy helps the company avoid excessive costs of market promotion. While it has remained a policy of reducing operational costs, this has enabled the company to establish to order model. Additionally, the company continues to expand its model through allowing consumers to seek queries and make purchases on the web platform. Although this comes with an additional transportation cost, it has over time proved relatively cheaper. In the current market where forces of demand and ever-changing customer specification, the company has shifted to internet sales and direct engagement of the prospective clients. Through virtual space, the company has continued to expand its sales and attract specific clients who value choice. Moreover, the company has expanded this chain through the creation of tracking system. The web pages have been customized. This allows bigger suppliers and larger customers to keep monitoring their purchases and make new orders. Notably, by investing in web pages and internet supply chain, it has created a unique customer base in addition to its traditional consumers. Blending to order supply chain help in reducing long chains that are often costly, inconvenient and ineffective. The web-based chain remains a critical-order supply chain. †¨ To measure process performance, three elements are of great importance. The priority is responsiveness to customer’s demands and changing the competitive environment. The company has improved its operations efficiency by customizing its web pages; this has allowed large businesses to view existing inventory and make orders based on informed point of view (Kumar & Craig, 2007). In addition, the company has adopted customer order tracking system that enables it to assemble its products upon

Foundations Of Learning And Collaborative Working Nursing Essay

Foundations Of Learning And Collaborative Working Nursing Essay For the focus of this essay I will be discussing the concept of collaborative working within the professional area of adult nursing. Using appropriate literature this essay will examine the definition and rationale of collaborative working, a small introduction to nursing and how collaboration is applied in this area of care. This essay will conclude by looking at the influencing factors and outcomes of collaborative working in nursing practice. McCray, 2007 defined collaboration as a respect for other professionals and service users and their skills and from this starting point, an agreed sharing of authority, responsibility and resources for specific outcomes or actions gained through cooperation and consensus. (use ref) Collaboration may be seen as a process by which members of different disciplines share their skills and expertise to provide a better quality service to patients/clients/service user. (Hughes, Hemingway Smith, 2005). Collaborative working involves interaction of various group or organisations to achieve a common goal, which normally in the health care setting is the patient. As a result of problem solving, open, flexible approach to the roles and tasks of individual team members provide a more patient focused healthcare. The Department of Health (GB DOH 2001) published a strategic framework for lifelong learning for the NHS, Working together, Learning Together Learning and development are key to delivering the Governments vision of patient centred care in the NHS. Lifelong learning is about growth and opportunity, about making sure that our staff, the teams and organisations they relate to, and work in, can acquire new knowledge and skills, both to realise their potential and to help shape and change things for the better. Lifelong learning is inextricably linked with the wider agenda for building, rewarding and supporting the NHS workforce for the future.( www.dh.gov.uk) http://www.dh.gov.uk.assetRoot/04/05/88/96/04058896.pdf Barr (2004) points out that interprofessional working enables professional benefits, with reference being given to the sharing of knowledge and the opportunities to experience areas of work outside ones own remit. It is suggested that professionals may have levels of improved job satisfaction and increased levels of confidence in dealing with difficult situations. Barr (2004) also expresses a view that interprofessional education is collaborating learning in order to enable collaborative practice. Collaborative working in health care is often referred to as interprofessional working (IPW). Rationales for collaborative work in is to cope with the problems that exceed the capacity of any one profession (Hughes, Hemingway Smith, 2005) In nursing it is important to remember that providing holistic care often involves the use of other professionals and this concept should be encourage in order to facilitate the provision of patient care. Standards have been set by the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) to safeguard the welfare of both the patient and the nurse. These standards identify that the nurse must work with others to protect and promote the health and wellbeing of those in your care, their families and careers, and the wider community. It has been said that to fully explore the place of the nurse in the multi professional team you must first understand the role of the nurse. McCray (2009) as the health care system grows and changes rapidly, the role of the nurse also changes, but the well being of the patient is always the main focus. A good nurse will strive to develop good relationships with other professionals, when the care of a patient depends on collaboration of various health professionals. Collaborative effectively is often vital in the achieving a holistic healing process, which involves treating the patients biological psychological and social needs. Patient centred care (PCC) is a widely used model in the modern health care system; it places the patient at the centre of all care. PCC improves continuity of care and integration of health care professionals collaborating on behalf of their patient. (Pence, 1997) To be able to give a patient the best possible care its imperative to work alongside other healthcare professionals to come to a joint care plan some times in the form of a package of care which can be mutually agreed to meet every care needs of the patient. Each professional has to show mutual respect to each other. An example of effective collaborative working may be; Mr B is due for discharge after having suffered a severe stroke which has affected his right side, leaving him with severe expressive and perceptive dysphasia. As a Nurse in charge of the care of Mr B must collaborate with other health care professionals, such as doctors, occupational therapists, physiotherapists, speech therapists and of course Mrs B, in order to fully assess the level of care he may require on discharge, and provide a gradual return home. This would prove beneficial, since the patient has mobility and communication problems, so was going to need physiotherapy, speech therapy and adaptations to the family home. Maintaining good professional relationships is imperative amongst not only other health care professionals, but also the patient and family members. (Molyneux 2001) In this example effective collaborating ultimately had a positive impact on the successful outcome. This in turn improved the service being offered to the patient. Unfortunately collaboration does not always have positive effects and Interpersonal conflict can sometimes occur, a number of various reasons which could cause this, old, new team members, power issues, time management and funding Conflict may occur for example in the case of lung cancer, doctors wish to treat a patient who has lung cancer when the chances of success are low and the treatment has side effect. Nurses on the other hand may feel the results of treatment are so bad it outweighs any benefit; this could be when things can become complicated. The NMC states that; you must always work cooperatively within teams and respect the skills, expertise and contributes of your colleagues. (2008) in some case following this may prove extremely difficult. Building a successful collaborative relationship requires good communications skills, which in turn allows the development of trust which will benefit the patient in the holistic care they will receive. I believe that any thing we can do to make a difference must be a good thing. As Florence Nightingale once said, unless we are making progress in our nursing every year, every month, every week, take my word for it we are going back (Alexander, Fawcett Runciman (2006)

Healthy Living Essay -- Health essays research papers

Health is described as physical and mental well-being and freedom from disease, pain or defect. However, such descriptions only superficially define the actual meaning of health. There may be many occasions when individuals are not necessarily ill or in pain but may be overweight, stressed or emotionally unstable. Health is a quality of life involving dynamic interaction and interdependence among the individual’s physical state, their mental and emotional reactions, and the social context in which the individual exists. There are many factors that influence your health, but three major components contribute to general well-being: Self-awareness, a balanced diet and, regular physical activity. In order to lead a healthy lifestyle, it is essential that individuals constantly monitor their health. This involves not only physical, but also mental and emotional aspects of the body’s functioning, as they relate to the home, school, work, and leisure environments. If necessary changes are made sooner rather than later, then a stable, balanced and healthy lifestyle will be more consistently maintained. In fact, the World Health Organization says being healthy is feeling that there are few physical or emotional impediments to doing things in your life that you would like. For example, there are many people who are suffering from chronic illnesses who are healthy because they are able to maintain their creativity and vivacity when others cannot. It is evident that self-awareness enc...

Blogs and Identities :: Web Individuality Privacy Internet Essays

Blogs and Identities When I think of an individual, I think of one person, and that person has one distinct identity. When I discovered that people whom blog change their identities, I thought it was strange and wondered why they do this. I first noticed this in the â€Å"Always and Forever† blog I have been observing. The couple in this blog do not use their real names. I understand that you might have to alter your personality a bit depending on where you are or whom you are with. For example, you would not swear if you were trying to impress your soon to be in-laws. When I talk about changing identity I am talking about using a totally different identity and many times they also change their personality. As Judith S. Donath states, â€Å"Identity plays a key role in virtual communities. In communication, which is the primary activity, knowing the identity of those with whom you communicate is essential for understanding and evaluating an interaction. Yet in the disembodied world of the virtual community, identity is also ambiguous. Many of the basic cues about personality and social role we are accustomed to in the physical world are absent. (â€Å"Identity and Deception†) Blogs and identity from society’s eyes One of the main reasons that I think people change their identity is because they feel as though they are inadequate in some part of their life. Maybe they do not have their dream job, or maybe they are not married and they think they should be. Anything can make a person feel as though they are not good enough. In today’s society there is the expectation that everyone should live by certain standard, and this could make someone feel very uncomfortable with who they really are. As Mead says, â€Å"This is particularly relevant to an interactionist perspective because the positions into which we fall (and their behavioural expectations, or roles) are reinforced not only by our own conceptions of "who I am," but also by the perceived conceptions of "who I ought to be" or a reflection upon what social positions others put us into ("taking the role of the other").† (Parents) Another thing is that they might be unsure about is their sexuality. They might want to become someone of the opposite sex in their blogs and see how it feels or how people react to them. As Sherry Turkle states, â€Å"even a assumed male persona to experience for herself the Net’s gender bending abilities.

International Coffee Market Essay

Due to the international coffee bean price significantly fluctuate from 1996 to 2009, the global coffee also has same change between this year. This paper will look at changes on global coffee market based on five parts. First of all, describing several reasons cause variation of global coffee market. The second part will illustrate market structure of international coffee industry. Then, based on coffee market structure, explaining which strategy they are using and reason of coffee companies choosing these strategies. Furthermore, indicating the cost and benefit of strategy used by coffee companies. Finally, this paper would focus on the relationship between macroeconomic changing and coffee industry. Since global economic dramatically growing, there are three events effect coffee bean price in terms of new planting supplies, increasingly less coffee famers planting coffee beans and establishing new coffee market. Due to outstanding coffee beans productive capacity in Vietnam and Brazil, there are 113 million bags for supply and 106 million bags for demand, it is 40 million bags bean as a gap between demand and supply in 2002(John, 2010:37). As a support, John (2010:36) stated that when a or more than one crucial of supply change (except price events), the whole supple curve will shift. It is indicated by figure 1 in the appendix which shows S1 shift to S2, contributed by new significant supply (Vietnam and Brazil). As a result, whole coffee bean market get a new equilibrium point at e2 which has lower price in Pe2 and higher quantity in Qe2, comparing with e1. However, John (2010:36) also clam that most of coffee market workforce worked in poor financial circumstances that living as debt, and others abandon their land and property in farmland to migrated into city. Otherwise, lots of farmers in order to chasing higher profits by quit coffee industry, especially, Vietnamese famers instead growing coffee bean to illegal substances—coca. It is obviously decrease capacity of coffee bean production. Finally, some research reported that the annual GDP growth rate of China was approximately in 8%, which means Chinese disposable incomes increase steady from 1980. Consequently, with improvement of life style in China, the demand curve of international coffee production is shift (from D1 to D2). In that case, new equilibrium point move from e2 to e3 (figure 2). It is clear that price of global coffee bean price would be influenced by establish new market which mean other alternative factor of demand except price would shift demand curve, and equilibrium point would move into new position(John, 2010:36). The international coffee market is leaded by several roaster coffee firms which are classified as oligopoly Over half of international coffee productions are dominated by 4 firms: Kraft, Nestle, Procter and Gamble (John 2010:37), this market structure is named as oligopoly which include two main features. One of the main feature is, in oligopoly the dominated firms establish various barriers for preventing new firms entrance. In this case, new coffee roaster firms are tough to participate in this industry, because most percentage of coffee productions processing, which include processing line and coffee manufacturing technology, and coffee bean import or export market are under dominated firm control. However another feature is each of firms in oligopoly structure is compete with their rivals in changing price, adverting strategy and target market. This is supported by John(2010:136) who argued that anticipating rivals reaction is very essential and crucial for oligopolist adjusting their action. In the oligopoly coffee roaster firms, it is lack of competitor in this industry. Thus, these multinationals could influence merchandise of coffee in supermarket or retail coffee shop. In this case, these firms are easy making price of each coffee production, even price of global coffee bean is fluctuated during these decades. This is followed by an explanation, John (2010:37) argued when a consumer purchased a $3 regular cup of coffee, it is only include 25 cents cost of coffee bean. Most of consumer’s payments of coffee contained wages of staff, overheads and advertising expenses plus enormous profit earned by coffee roaster companies. In economic theory, firms could maximise profit when marginal cost (MC) equal to marginal revenue (MR). As result of price leader firms control the market average price, these firms could sell goods in a higher price but same quantity, in that case, oligopoly firm could earn more profit. However, in a non-collusive oligopoly situation which means evens few firms dominated the coffee market, each of rivals changing merchandise price and market strategy could significant influence other firms decision. This firm’s choice of strategy is known as game theory which is described by table 1 (John 2010:141). In today international coffee market, these coffee roaster multinational always alter their price or marketing strategy to attracting more consumers prefer to their brand or products. Otherwise, optimal strategy could beat other main competitors in international coffee market. This is followed by an example, Bhaskar (2009) indicated that Starbucks implemented a well-integrated marketing program that would utilize a marketing mix 4P (product, price, place, and promotion) that would satisfy the needs and wants of its target market. Especially, Paul (2009) reported that Starbuck recently offer $1 per bottomless in 8 oz, with unlimited refills to emphasizing Starbucks’ products with less price cost but higher value in normal business and social performance. Utilisation of these aggressive strategies Starbucks attract increasingly customers from other rivals and earn massive profit to becoming a multinational in global coffee market. Whereas, as game theory shows that both Starbucks and other competitor could not maximise profit for each parts. Furthermore, this competition between these firms could increase average cost in entire coffee market, as a result, profit of whole coffee industry would drop in a long term. In macroeconomic, the international coffee market contributed into two parts: unemployment and income. Householders willing to purchase more quantities than before due to disposable income increasing, when entire economic growth steady. Consequently, huge profit of coffee market is created by increasingly customer consumption. After that ratio of employment is growth, because coffee companies improve product capacity to content vast householders demand of consuming coffee in daily life. However, the rate of employment and disposable income of householders would decline, when the recession is coming. It is clear that relationship of householders and coffee industry could describe as a circular flow, each of these two parties influence to both sides in a significant effect in macroeconomic environment. To sum up, this essay has analyse a brief overview of alternative in nternational coffee market in five fields: firstly, the several direct reason of global coffee market. Secondly, it argued coffee market as a type of non- collusion oligopoly which using aggressive price and marketing strategy in coffee market. Furthermore, this paper also illustrates benefit and cost due to this strategy is used by dominated firm. Finally, the effect of macroeconomic in coffee industry is like a circular flow, which means coffee industry and householders could influence and relate to each other.